1. Magnus W, Anilkumar AC, Shaban K. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [Internet]. Treasure Island: StatPearls; 2023 [cited 2025 May 9]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441838/

2. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. DSM-5 child mental disorder classification. In: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. DSM-5 changes: implications for child serious emotional disturbance [Internet]. Rockville: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2016 [cited 2025 May 2]. Chapter 3. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/

3. Curatolo P, D'Agati E, Moavero R. The neurobiological basis of ADHD. Ital J Pediatr. 2010 Dec;36(1):79. DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-36-79

4. Saad JF, Griffiths KR, Kohn MR, Braund TA, Clarke S, Williams LM, et al. Intrinsic functional connectivity in the default mode network differentiates the combined and inattentive attention deficit hyperactivity disorder types. Front Hum Neurosci. 2022;16:859538. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.859538

5. Gallo EF, Posner J. Moving towards causality in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: overview of neural and genetic mechanisms. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016 Jun;3(6):555-567. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00096-1

6. Lin HY, Tseng WYI, Lai MC, Matsuo K, Gau SSF. Altered resting-state frontoparietal control network in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2015 Apr;21(4):271-284. DOI: 10.1017/S135561771500020X

7. Bush G. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and attention networks. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010 Jan;35(1):278-300. DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.120

8. Silk TJ, Vance A, Rinehart N, Bradshaw JL, Cunnington R. White-matter abnormalities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009 Sep;30(9):2757-2765. DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20703

9. Del Campo N, Chamberlain SR, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. The roles of dopamine and noradrenaline in the pathophysiology and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jun;69(12):e145-e157. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.036

10. Healthdirect. Dopamine [Internet]. Canberra: Australian Government; 2023 [cited 2025 May 27]. Available from: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dopamine

11. De Martino B, Strange BA, Dolan RJ. Noradrenergic neuromodulation of human attention for emotional and neutral stimuli. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008 Mar;197(1):127-136. DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-1015-5

12. Hinshaw SP, Nguyen PT, O'Grady SM, Rosenthal EA. Annual research review: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in girls and women: underrepresentation, longitudinal processes, and key directions. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2022 Apr;63(4):484-496. DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13480

13. Antoniou E, Rigas N, Orovou E, Papatrechas A, Sarella A. ADHD symptoms in females of childhood, adolescent, reproductive and menopause period. Mater Sociomed. 2021 Jun;33(2):114-118. DOI: 10.5455/msm.2021.33.114-118

14. Young S, Adamo N, Ásgeirsdóttir BB, Branney P, Beckett M, Colley W, et al. Females with ADHD: an expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in girls and women. BMC Psychiatry. 2020 Aug;20(1):404. DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02707-9

15. Quinn PO, Madhoo M. A review of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in women and girls: uncovering this hidden diagnosis. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2014;16(3):PCC.13r01596. DOI: 10.4088/PCC.13r01596

16. Nussbaum NL. ADHD and female specific concerns: a review of the literature and clinical implications. J Atten Disord. 2012 Feb;16(2):87-100. DOI: 10.1177/1087054711416909

17. Rucklidge JJ. Gender differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2010 Jun;33(2):357-373. DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2010.01.006

18. Healthdirect. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [Internet]. Canberra: Australian Government; 2024 [cited 2025 May 27]. Available from: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/attention-deficit-disorder-add-or-adhd

19. Choi WS, Woo YS, Wang SM, Lim HK, Bahk WM. The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in adult ADHD compared with non-ADHD populations: a systematic literature review. PLoS One. 2022;17(11):e0277175. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277175

20. Ohnishi T, Kobayashi H, Yajima T, Koyama T, Noguchi K. Psychiatric comorbidities in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: prevalence and patterns in the routine clinical setting. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2019 Sep;16(9-10):11-16.

21. Sun W, Yu M, Zhou X. Effects of physical exercise on attention deficit and other major symptoms in children with ADHD: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2022 May;311:114509. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114509

22. Yang Y, Wu CH, Sun L, Zhang TR, Luo J. The impact of physical activity on inhibitory control of adult ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health. 2025 Mar;15:04025. DOI: 10.7189/jogh.15.04025

23. Department of Health, Disability and Ageing. Physical activity and exercise guidelines for all Australians [Internet]. Canberra: Australian Government; 2021 [cited 2025 Jul 2]. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/topics/physical-activity-and-exercise/physical-activity-and-exercise-guidelines-for-all-australians

24. Kuo FE, Taylor AF. A potential natural treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence from a national study. Am J Public Health. 2004 Sep;94(9):1580-1586. DOI: 10.2105/ajph.94.9.1580

25. Sultan MA, Nawaz FA, Alattar B, Khalaf E, Shadan S, El-Abiary N, et al. Assessing the impact of mindfulness programs on attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2025 Jan;25(1):32. DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-05310-z

26. Poissant H, Mendrek A, Talbot N, Khoury B, Nolan J. Behavioral and cognitive impacts of mindfulness-based interventions on adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. Behav Neurol. 2019;2019:5682050. DOI: 10.1155/2019/5682050

27. Chimiklis AL, Dahl V, Spears AP, Goss K, Fogarty K, Chacko A. Yoga, mindfulness, and meditation interventions for youth with ADHD: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Child Fam Stud. 2018;27(10): 3155-3168. DOI: 10.1007/s10826-018-1148-7

28. Ma X, Yue ZQ, Gong ZQ, Zhang H, Duan NY, Shi YT, et al. The effect of diaphragmatic breathing on attention, negative affect and stress in healthy adults. Front Psychol. 2017;8:874. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00874

29. Ponti M. Screen time and preschool children: promoting health and development in a digital world. Paediatr Child Health. 2023 Jun;28(3):184-202. DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxac125

30.  Sleep Health Foundation. How much sleep do you really need? [Internet]. East Melbourne: Sleep Health Foundation; 2024 [cited 2025 May 27]. Available from: https://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-topics/how-much-sleep-do-you-really-need

31. Drake C, Roehrs T, Shambroom J, Roth T. Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013 Nov;9(11):1195-1200. DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.3170

32. Lange KW, Lange KM, Nakamura Y, Reissmann A. Nutrition in the management of ADHD: a review of recent research. Curr Nutr Rep. 2023 Sep;12(3):383-394. DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00487-8

33. Kahathuduwa CN, Wakefield S, West BD, Blume J, Dassanayake TL, Weerasinghe VS, et al. Effects of L-theanine-caffeine combination on sustained attention and inhibitory control among children with ADHD: a proof-of-concept neuroimaging RCT. Sci Rep. 2020 Aug;10(1):13072. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70037-7

34. Kahathuduwa CN, Wakefield S, West BD, Blume J, Mastergeorge A. L-theanine and caffeine improve sustained attention, impulsivity and cognition in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorders by decreasing mind wandering (OR29-04-19). Curr Dev Nutr. 2019 Jun;3(Suppl 1):nzz031.OR29-04-19. DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz031.OR29-04-19

35. Lyon MR, Kapoor MP, Juneja LR. The effects of L-theanine (Suntheanine®) on objective sleep quality in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Altern Med Rev. 2011 Dec;16(4):348-354.

36. Mousain-Bosc M, Roche M, Polge A, Pradal-Prat D, Rapin J, Bali JP. Improvement of neurobehavioral disorders in children supplemented with magnesium-vitamin B6. I. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. Magnes Res. 2006 Mar;19(1):46-52.

37. Nogovitsina OR, Levitina EV. [Effect of MAGNE-B6 on the clinical and biochemical manifestations of the syndrome of attention deficit and hyperactivity in children]. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2006;69(1):74-77.

38. Mousain-Bosc M, Roche M, Rapin J, Bali JP. Magnesium vitB6 intake reduces central nervous system hyperexcitability in children. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Oct;23(5):545S-548S. DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719400

39. Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin D [Internet]. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health; 2023 [cited 2024 Apr 8]. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/

40. Pelsser LM, Frankena K, Toorman J, Savelkoul HF, Dubois AE, Pereira RR, et al. Effects of a restricted elimination diet on the behaviour of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (INCA study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011 Feb;377(9764):494-503. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62227-1

41. Hontelez S, Stobernack T, Pelsser LM, Van Baarlen P, Frankena K, Groefsema MM, et al. Correlation between brain function and ADHD symptom changes in children with ADHD following a few-foods diet: an open-label intervention trial. Sci Rep. 2021 Nov;11(1):22205. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01684-7

42. Pelsser L, Frankena K, Toorman J, Rodrigues Pereira R. Retrospective Outcome Monitoring of ADHD and Nutrition (ROMAN): the effectiveness of the few-foods diet in general practice. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:96. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00096

43. Stevens LJ, Kuczek T, Burgess JR, Hurt E, Arnold LE. Dietary sensitivities and ADHD symptoms: thirty-five years of research. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2011 Apr;50(4):279-293. DOI: 10.1177/0009922810384728

44. Darabi Z, Sangouni AA, Darand M, Vasmehjani AA, Hosseinzadeh M. Dietary phytochemical index and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Iranian children: a case control study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2022 Mar;76(3):456-461. DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-00952-z

45. Shareghfarid E, Sangsefidi ZS, Salehi-Abargouei A, Hosseinzadeh M. Empirically derived dietary patterns and food groups intake in relation with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2020 Apr;36:28-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.10.013

46. Watson AW, Okello EJ, Brooker HJ, Lester S, McDougall GJ, Wesnes KA. The impact of blackcurrant juice on attention, mood and brain wave spectral activity in young healthy volunteers. Nutr Neurosci. 2019 Aug;22(8):596-606. DOI: 10.1080/1028415X.2017.1420539

47. Barfoot KL, May G, Lamport DJ, Ricketts J, Riddell PM, Williams CM. The effects of acute wild blueberry supplementation on the cognition of 7-10-year-old schoolchildren. Eur J Nutr. 2019 Oct;58(7):2911-2920. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1843-6

48. Department of Health, Disability and Ageing. Eating well [Internet]. Canberra: Australian Government; 2021 [cited 2025 May 27]. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/topics/food-and-nutrition/about/eating-well

49. Pinto S, Correia-De-Sá T, Sampaio-Maia B, Vasconcelos C, Moreira P, Ferreira-Gomes J. Eating patterns and dietary interventions in ADHD: a narrative review. Nutrients. 2022 Oct;14(20):4332. DOI: 10.3390/nu14204332

50. Heart Foundation. Dietary position statement: fish, seafood & heart healthy eating – updated 2015 [Internet]. Docklands: National Heart Foundation of Australia; 2015 [cited 2024 Mar 21]. Available from: https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/bundles/for-professionals/nutrition-position-statements

51. Hechtman L. Clinical naturopathic medicine. Chatswood: Elsevier; 2012.

52. Lau K, McLean WG, Williams DP, Howard CV. Synergistic interactions between commonly used food additives in a developmental neurotoxicity test. Toxicol Sci. 2006 Mar;90(1):178-187. DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj073

53. Bateman B, Warner JO, Hutchinson E, Dean T, Rowlandson P, Gant C, et al. The effects of a double blind, placebo controlled, artificial food colourings and benzoate preservative challenge on hyperactivity in a general population sample of preschool children. Arch Dis Child. 2004 Jun;89(6):506-511. DOI: 10.1136/adc.2003.031435

54. Feingold BF. Hyperkinesis and learning disabilities linked to artificial food flavors and colors. J Learn Disabil. 1976 Nov;9(9):551-559. DOI: 10.1177/002221947600900902

55. National Health and Medical Research Council. Nutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand including recommended dietary intakes [Internet]. Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council; 2006 [cited 2022 Aug 13]. Available from: https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/sites/default/files/images/nutrient-refererence-dietary-intakes.pdf

56. Mechler K, Banaschewski T, Hohmann S, Häge A. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents. Pharmacol Ther. 2022 Feb;230:107940. DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107940

57. HelpGuide.org. Tips for managing adult ADHD [Internet]. Los Angeles: HelpGuide.org; 2025 [cited 2025 May 26]. Available from: https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/adhd/managing-adult-adhd

58. Liu CI, Hua MH, Lu ML, Goh KK. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural-based interventions for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder extends beyond core symptoms: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychol Psychother. 2023 Sep;96(3):543-559. DOI: 10.1111/papt.12455

59. Lopez PL, Torrente FM, Ciapponi A, Lischinsky AG, Cetkovich-Bakmas M, Rojas JI, et al. Cognitive-behavioural interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar;3(3):CD010840. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010840.pub2