References - Nurturing the Depleted and Fatigued Immune System
Nurturing the Depleted and Fatigued Immune System References
1. Rasa S, Nora-Krukle Z, Henning N, Eliassen E, Shikova E, Harrer T, et al. Chronic viral infections in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). J Transl Med. 2018 Oct;16(1):268. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1644-y
2. Francis G. ‘We need to respect the process of healing’: a GP on the overlooked art of recovery [Internet]. London: The Guardian; 2022 [cited 2022 Oct 18]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/04/we-need-to-respect-the-process-of-healing-a-gp-on-the-overlooked-art-of-recovery
3. Yi JS, Cox MA, Zajac AJ. T-cell exhaustion: characteristics, causes and conversion. Immunology. 2010 Apr;129(4):474-481. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03255.x
4. Behan WM, More IA, Behan PO. Mitochondrial abnormalities in the postviral fatigue syndrome. Acta Neuropathol. 1991;83(1):61-65. DOI: 10.1007/BF00294431
5. Angajala A, Lim S, Phillips JB, Kim JH, Yates C, You Z, et al. Diverse roles of mitochondria in immune responses: novel insights into immuno-metabolism. Front Immunol. 2018 Jul;9:1605. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01605
6. Wood E, Hall KH, Tate W. Role of mitochondria, oxidative stress and the response to antioxidants in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a possible approach to SARS-CoV-2 'long-haulers'. Chronic Dis Transl Med. 2021 Mar;7(1):14-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2020.11.002
7. Stefano GB, Ptacek R, Ptackova H, Martin A, Kream RM. Selective neuronal mitochondrial targeting in SARS-CoV-2 infection affects cognitive processes to induce 'brain fog' and results in behavioral changes that favor viral survival. Med Sci Monit. 2021 Jan;27:e930886. DOI: 10.12659/MSM.930886
8. Mittal J, Ghosh A, Bhatt SP, Anoop S, Ansari IA, Misra A. High prevalence of post COVID-19 fatigue in patients with type 2 diabetes: a case-control study. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021 Nov-Dec;15(6):102302. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102302
9. Rabail R, Saleem J, Tanveer Z, Patching SG, Khalid AR, Sultan MT, et al. Nutritional and lifestyle changes required for minimizing the recovery period in home quarantined COVID-19 patients of Punjab, Pakistan. Food Sci Nutr. 2021 Sep;9(9):5036-5059. DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2458
10. Collins ML, Cheney GA, Yehl JL, Sullivan GA, Stewart JT, Catalano G. Postviral depression. J Psychiatr Pract. 2021 Mar;27(2):126-130. DOI: 10.1097/PRA.0000000000000508
11. David AS. Postviral fatigue syndrome and psychiatry. Br Med Bull. 1991 Oct;47(4):966-988. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072524
12. Shikova E, Reshkova V, Kumanova А, Raleva S, Alexandrova D, Capo N, et al. Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpesvirus-6 infections in patients with myalgic еncephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. J Med Virol. 2020 Dec;92(12):3682-3688. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25744
13. Mozhgani SH, Rajabi F, Qurbani M, Erfani Y, Yaslianifard S, Moosavi A, et al. Human herpesvirus 6 infection and risk of chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intervirology. 2022;65(1):49-57. DOI: 10.1159/000517930
14. Lidbury BA. Ross River virus immune evasion strategies and the relevance to post-viral fatigue, and myalgic encephalomyelitis onset. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Mar;8:662513. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.662513
15. Hickie I, Davenport T, Wakefield D, Vollmer-Conna U, Cameron B, Vernon SD, et al. Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2006 Sep;333(7568):575. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38933.585764.AE
16. Carruthers BM, Van De Sande MI, De Meirleir KL, Klimas NG, Broderick G, Mitchell T, et al. Myalgic encephalomyelitis: International Consensus Criteria. J Intern Med. 2011 Oct;270(4):327-338. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x
17. Calle MC, Fernandez ML. Inflammation and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2012 Jun;38(3):183-191. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2011.11.006
18. Furman D, Campisi J, Verdin E, Carrera-Bastos P, Targ S, Franceschi C, et al. Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span. Nat Med. 2019 Dec;25(12):1822-1832. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0675-0
19. NSW Government. Long COVID [Internet]. Canberra: Australian Government; 2022 [cited 2022 Oct 18]. Available from: https://www.nsw.gov.au/covid-19/management/long-covid
20. Port JR, Adney DR, Schwarz B, Schulz JE, Sturdevant DE, Smith BJ, et al. Western diet increases COVID-19 disease severity in the Syrian hamster. bioRxiv. 2021 Jun;2021. DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.17.448814
21. Myles IA. Fast food fever: reviewing the impacts of the Western diet on immunity. Nutr J. 2014 Jun;13:61. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-61
22. Daly RM, Gagnon C, Lu ZX, Magliano DJ, Dunstan DW, Sikaris KA, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its determinants in Australian adults aged 25 years and older: a national, population-based study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012 Jul;77(1):26-35. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04320.x
23. Beckett JM, Ball MJ. Zinc status of northern Tasmanian adults. J Nutr Sci. 2015;4:e15. DOI: 10.1017/jns.2015.12
24. Sandstead HH. Zinc deficiency. A public health problem. Am J Dis Child. 1991 Aug;145(8):853-859. DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1991.02160080029016
25. Wessels I, Maywald M, Rink L. Zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function. Nutrients. 2017 Nov;9(12):E1286. DOI: 10.3390/nu9121286
26. Shankar AH, Prasad AS. Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Aug;68(2 Suppl):447S-463S. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/68.2.447S
27. Charoenngam N, Holick MF. Immunologic effects of vitamin D on human health and disease. Nutrients. 2020 Jul;12(7):E2097. DOI: 10.3390/nu12072097
28. Li P, Yin YL, Li D, Kim SW, Wu G. Amino acids and immune function. Br J Nutr. 2007 Aug;98(2):237-252. DOI: 10.1017/S000711450769936X
29. Khoo HE, Azlan A, Tang ST, Lim SM. Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits. Food Nutr Res. 2017;61(1):1361779. DOI: 10.1080/16546628.2017.1361779
30. Jiang DQ, Guo Y, Xu DH, Huang YS, Yuan K, Lv ZQ. Antioxidant and anti-fatigue effects of anthocyanins of mulberry juice purification (MJP) and mulberry marc purification (MMP) from different varieties mulberry fruit in China. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Sep;59:1-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.023
31. Hurst RD, Lyall KA, Wells RW, Sawyer GM, Lomiwes D, Ngametua N, et al. Daily consumption of an anthocyanin-rich extract made from New Zealand blackcurrants for 5 weeks supports exercise recovery through the management of oxidative stress and inflammation: a randomized placebo controlled pilot study. Front Nutr. 2020;7:16. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00016
32. Pérez-Cano FJ, Castell M. Flavonoids, inflammation and immune system. Nutrients. 2016 Oct;8(10):E659. DOI: 10.3390/nu8100659
33. Li Y, Yao J, Han C, Yang J, Chaudhry MT, Wang S, et al. Quercetin, inflammation and immunity. Nutrients. 2016 Mar;8(3):167. DOI: 10.3390/nu8030167
34. Agrawal PK, Agrawal C, Blunden G. Rutin: a potential antiviral for repurposing as a SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) inhibitor. Nat Prod Commun. 2021 Apr;16(4):1934578X21991723. DOI: 10.1177/1934578X21991723
35. Cheng FJ, Huynh TK, Yang CS, Hu DW, Shen YC, Tu CY, et al. Hesperidin is a potential inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nutrients. 2021 Aug;13(8):2800. DOI: 10.3390/nu13082800
36. Hemarajata P, Versalovic J. Effects of probiotics on gut microbiota: mechanisms of intestinal immunomodulation and neuromodulation. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2013 Jan;6(1):39-51. DOI: 10.1177/1756283X12459294
37. Wiertsema SP, Van Bergenhenegouwen J, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ. The interplay between the gut microbiome and the immune system in the context of infectious diseases throughout life and the role of nutrition in optimizing treatment strategies. Nutrients. 2021 Mar;13(3):886. DOI: 10.3390/nu13030886
38. Lopez-Santamarina A, Lamas A, Del Carmen Mondragón A, Cardelle-Cobas A, Regal P, Rodriguez-Avila JA, et al. Probiotic effects against virus infections: new weapons for an old war. Foods. 2021 Jan;10(1):130. DOI: 10.3390/foods10010130
39. Chan GCF, Chan WK, Sze DMY. The effects of beta-glucan on human immune and cancer cells. J Hematol Oncol. 2009 Jun;2:25. DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-2-25
40. Kim HS, Hong JT, Kim Y, Han SB. Stimulatory effect of β-glucans on immune cells. Immune Netw. 2011 Aug;11(4):191-195. DOI: 10.4110/in.2011.11.4.191
41. Geng P, Siu KC, Wang Z, Wu JY. Antifatigue functions and mechanisms of edible and medicinal mushrooms. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:9648496. DOI: 10.1155/2017/9648496
42. Calder PC. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes. Nutrients. 2010 Mar;2(3):355-374. DOI: 10.3390/nu2030355
43. Hathaway D, Pandav K, Patel M, Riva-Moscoso A, Singh BM, Patel A, et al. Omega 3 fatty acids and COVID-19: a comprehensive review. Infect Chemother. 2020 Dec;52(4):478-495. DOI: 10.3947/ic.2020.52.4.478
44. Gutiérrez S, Svahn SL, Johansson ME. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on immune cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Oct;20(20):E5028. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205028
45. Mishra KP, Singh M, Saraswat D, Ganju L, Varshney R. Dysfunctional state of T cells or exhaustion during chronic viral infections and COVID-19: a review. Viral Immunol. 2022 May;35(4):284-290. DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0002
46. Maes M, Mihaylova I, Leunis JC. In chronic fatigue syndrome, the decreased levels of omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids are related to lowered serum zinc and defects in T cell activation. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2005 Dec;26(6):745-751.
47. Yang CP, Chang CM, Yang CC, Pariante CM, Su KP. Long COVID and long chain fatty acids (LCFAs): Psychoneuroimmunity implication of omega-3 LCFAs in delayed consequences of COVID-19. Brain Behav Immun. 2022 Jul;103:19-27. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.04.001
48. Quinzii CM, Hirano M. Coenzyme Q and mitochondrial disease. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2010 Jun;16(2):183-188. DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.108
49. Mantle D, Heaton RA, Hargreaves IP. Coenzyme Q10 and immune function: an overview. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 May;10(5):759. DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050759
50. Cooke M, Iosia M, Buford T, Shelmadine B, Hudson G, Kerksick C, et al. Effects of acute and 14-day coenzyme Q10 supplementation on exercise performance in both trained and untrained individuals. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008 Mar;5:8. DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-5-8
51. Maes M, Mihaylova I, Kubera M, Uytterhoeven M, Vrydags N, Bosmans E. Coenzyme Q10 deficiency in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is related to fatigue, autonomic and neurocognitive symptoms and is another risk factor explaining the early mortality in ME/CFS due to cardiovascular disorder. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2009;30(4):470-476.
52. Callaghan PJ, Rybakovsky E, Ferrick B, Thomas S, Mullin JM. Retinoic acid improves baseline barrier function and attenuates TNF-α-induced barrier leak in human bronchial epithelial cell culture model, 16HBE 14o. PLoS One. 2020;15(12):e0242536. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242536
53. Huang Z, Liu Y, Qi G, Brand D, Zheng SG. Role of vitamin A in the immune system. J Clin Med. 2018 Sep;7(9):E258. DOI: 10.3390/jcm7090258
54. Qian B, Shen S, Zhang J, Jing P. Effects of vitamin B6 deficiency on the composition and functional potential of T cell populations. J Immunol Res. 2017;2017:2197975. DOI: 10.1155/2017/2197975
55. Tardy AL, Pouteau E, Marquez D, Yilmaz C, Scholey A. Vitamins and minerals for energy, fatigue and cognition: a narrative review of the biochemical and clinical evidence. Nutrients. 2020 Jan;12(1):E228. DOI: 10.3390/nu12010228
56. Carr AC, Maggini S. Vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients. 2017 Nov;9(11):E1211. DOI: 10.3390/nu9111211
57. Johnston CS, Barkyoumb GM, Schumacher SS. Vitamin C supplementation slightly improves physical activity levels and reduces cold incidence in men with marginal vitamin C status: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. 2014 Jul;6(7):2572-2583. DOI: 10.3390/nu6072572
58. Gariballa S. Poor vitamin C status is associated with increased depression symptoms following acute illness in older people. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2014;84(1-2):12-17. DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000188
59. Lynch SR, Cook JD. Interaction of vitamin C and iron. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1980;355:32-44. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb21325.x
60. Aranow C. Vitamin D and the immune system. J Investig Med. 2011 Aug;59(6):881-886. DOI: 10.231/JIM.0b013e31821b8755
61. Roy S, Sherman A, Monari-Sparks MJ, Schweiker O, Hunter K. Correction of low vitamin D improves fatigue: effect of correction of low vitamin D in fatigue study (EViDiF Study). N Am J Med Sci. 2014 Aug;6(8):396-402. DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.139291
62. Glerup H, Mikkelsen K, Poulsen L, Hass E, Overbeck S, Thomsen J, et al. Commonly recommended daily intake of vitamin D is not sufficient if sunlight exposure is limited. J Intern Med. 2000 Feb;247(2):260-268. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2000.00595.x
63. Wacker M, Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D: a global perspective for health. Dermatoendocrinol. 2013 Jan;5(1):51-108. DOI: 10.4161/derm.24494
64. Lewis ED, Meydani SN, Wu D. Regulatory role of vitamin E in the immune system and inflammation. IUBMB Life. 2019 Apr;71(4):487-494. DOI: 10.1002/iub.1976
65. Lee GY, Han SN. The role of vitamin E in immunity. Nutrients. 2018 Nov;10(11):E1614. DOI: 10.3390/nu10111614
66. Huang Z, Rose AH, Hoffmann PR. The role of selenium in inflammation and immunity: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2012 Apr;16(7):705-743. DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4145
67. Majeed M, Nagabhushanam K, Prakasan P, Mundkur L. Can selenium reduce the susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2?-a comprehensive review. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Apr;23(9):4809. DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094809
68. Khatiwada S, Subedi A. A mechanistic link between selenium and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Curr Nutr Rep. 2021 Jun;10(2):125-136. DOI: 10.1007/s13668-021-00354-4
69. Guillin OM, Vindry C, Ohlmann T, Chavatte L. Selenium, selenoproteins and viral infection. Nutrients. 2019 Sep;11(9):E2101. DOI: 10.3390/nu11092101
70. Prasad AS. Zinc is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent: its role in human health. Front Nutr. 2014;1:14. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2014.00014
71. Maes M, Mihaylova I, De Ruyter M. Lower serum zinc in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): relationships to immune dysfunctions and relevance for the oxidative stress status in CFS. J Affect Disord. 2006 Feb;90(2-3):141-147. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2005.11.002
72. Cherayil BJ. Iron and immunity: immunological consequences of iron deficiency and overload. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2010 Dec;58(6):407-415. DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0095-9
73. Ward RJ, Crichton RR, Taylor DL, Della Corte L, Srai SK, Dexter DT. Iron and the immune system. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2011 Mar;118(3):315-328. DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0479-3
74. Patterson AJ, Brown WJ, Powers JR, Roberts DC. Iron deficiency, general health and fatigue: results from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Qual Life Res. 2000;9(5):491-497. DOI: 10.1023/a:1008978114650
75. Cox IM, Campbell MJ, Dowson D. Red blood cell magnesium and chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet. 1991 Mar;337(8744):757-760. DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91371-z
76. Tarleton EK, Kennedy AG, Rose GL, Crocker A, Littenberg B. The association between serum magnesium levels and depression in an adult primary care population. Nutrients. 2019 Jun;11(7):E1475. DOI: 10.3390/nu11071475
77. Larrieu T, Layé S. Food for mood: relevance of nutritional omega-3 fatty acids for depression and anxiety. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1047. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01047
78. Mahdavifar B, Hosseinzadeh M, Salehi-Abargouei A, Mirzaei M, Vafa M. Dietary intake of B vitamins and their association with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms: a cross-sectional, population-based survey. J Affect Disord. 2021 Jun;288:92-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.055
79. Moritz B, Schmitz AE, Rodrigues ALS, Dafre AL, Cunha MP. The role of vitamin C in stress-related disorders. J Nutr Biochem. 2020 Nov;85:108459. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108459
80. Pickering G, Mazur A, Trousselard M, Bienkowski P, Yaltsewa N, Amessou M, et al. Magnesium status and stress: the vicious circle concept revisited. Nutrients. 2020 Nov;12(12):E3672. DOI: 10.3390/nu12123672
81. Duan G, Wu Z, Duan Z, Yang G, Fang L, Chen F, et al. Effects of spicy stimulation and spicy-food consumption on human pain sensitivity: a healthy volunteer study. J Pain. 2020 Jul - Aug;21(7-8):848-857. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.11.011
82. Wang S, Li Z, Ma Y, Liu Y, Lin CC, Li S, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of green tea polyphenols. Molecules. 2021 Jun;26(12):3755. DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123755
83. Liu J, Bodnar BH, Meng F, Khan AI, Wang X, Saribas S, et al. Epigallocatechin gallate from green tea effectively blocks infection of SARS-CoV-2 and new variants by inhibiting spike binding to ACE2 receptor. Cell Biosci. 2021 Aug;11(1):168. DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00680-8
84. Chang LK, Wei TT, Chiu YF, Tung CP, Chuang JY, Hung SK, et al. Inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle by (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Feb;301(4):1062-1068. DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00067-6
85. Ahmed S, Sulaiman SA, Baig AA, Ibrahim M, Liaqat S, Fatima S, et al. Honey as a potential natural antioxidant medicine: an insight into its molecular mechanisms of action. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:8367846. DOI: 10.1155/2018/8367846
86. Puertollano MA, Puertollano E, De Cienfuegos GÁ, De Pablo MA. Dietary antioxidants: immunity and host defense. Curr Top Med Chem. 2011;11(14):1752-1766. DOI: 10.2174/156802611796235107
87. Beck MA. Antioxidants and viral infections: host immune response and viral pathogenicity. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001 Oct;20(5 Suppl):384S-388S; discussion 396S-397S. DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2001.10719172
88. Ng B, Chapman GE, Levy-Milne R, Balneaves LG. Exploring the dietary choices of Chinese women living with breast cancer in Vancouver, Canada. Support Care Cancer. 2021 Mar;29(3):1675-1681. DOI: 10.1007/s00520-020-05666-9
89. Zhang Y, Li JW, San MM, Whitney CW, San TT, Yang XF, et al. The secret of health in daily cuisine: typical healthy vegetables in local markets in central Myanmar. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2020 Nov;16(1):73. DOI: 10.1186/s13002-020-00425-w
90. Umeki Y, Hayabuchi H, Hisano M, Kuroda M, Honda M, Ando B, et al. The effect of the dried-bonito broth on blood pressure, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an oxidative stress marker, and emotional states in elderly subjects. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2008 Nov;43(3):175-184. DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.2008061
91. Sleep Foundation. How sleep affects immunity [Internet]. Seattle: OneCare Media; 2022 [cited 2022 Oct 19]. Available from: https://www.sleepfoundation.org/physical-health/how-sleep-affects-immunity
92. Reed P, Vile R, Osborne LA, Romano M, Truzoli R. Problematic internet usage and immune function. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0134538. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134538
93. Segerstrom SC, Miller GE. Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychol Bull. 2004 Jul;130(4):601-630. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.601
94. Karnatovskaia LV, Johnson MM, Varga K, Highfield JA, Wolfrom BD, Philbrick KL, et al. Stress and fear: clinical implications for providers and patients (in the time of COVID-19 and beyond). Mayo Clin Proc. 2020 Nov;95(11):2487-2498. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.08.028
95. Ma X, Yue ZQ, Gong ZQ, Zhang H, Duan NY, Shi YT, et al. The effect of diaphragmatic breathing on attention, negative affect and stress in healthy adults. Front Psychol. 2017;8:874. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00874
96. Daines L, Zheng B, Pfeffer P, Hurst JR, Sheikh A. A clinical review of long-COVID with a focus on the respiratory system. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2022 May;28(3):174-179. DOI: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000863
97. Cancer Council. Vitamin D [Internet]. Sydney: Cancer Council; 2022 [cited 2022 Oct 19]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/causes-and-prevention/sun-safety/vitamin-d
98. Shao T, Verma HK, Pande B, Costanzo V, Ye W, Cai Y, et al. Physical activity and nutritional influence on immune function: an important strategy to improve immunity and health status. Front Physiol. 2021 Oct;12:751374. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.751374
99. Kreher JB, Schwartz JB. Overtraining syndrome: a practical guide. Sports Health. 2012 Mar;4(2):128-138. DOI: 10.1177/1941738111434406
100. Reid VL, Gleeson M, Williams N, Clancy RL. Clinical investigation of athletes with persistent fatigue and/or recurrent infections. Br J Sports Med. 2004 Feb;38(1):42-45. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2002.002634
101. Falkenberg RI, Eising C, Peters ML. Yoga and immune system functioning: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Behav Med. 2018 Aug;41(4):467-482. DOI: 10.1007/s10865-018-9914-y
102. Woodyard C. Exploring the therapeutic effects of yoga and its ability to increase quality of life. Int J Yoga. 2011 Jul;4(2):49-54. DOI: 10.4103/0973-6131.85485
103. Mousavi SE, Amini H, Heydarpour P, Amini Chermahini F, Godderis L. Air pollution, environmental chemicals, and smoking may trigger vitamin D deficiency: evidence and potential mechanisms. Environ Int. 2019 Jan;122:67-90. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.052
104. Hennig B, Ormsbee L, McClain CJ, Watkins BA, Blumberg B, Bachas LG, et al. Nutrition can modulate the toxicity of environmental pollutants: implications in risk assessment and human health. Environ Health Perspect. 2012 Jun;120(6):771-774. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104712
105. Chambial S, Dwivedi S, Shukla KK, John PJ, Sharma P. Vitamin C in disease prevention and cure: an overview. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2013 Oct;28(4):314-328. DOI: 10.1007/s12291-013-0375-3
106. Schectman G, Byrd JC, Gruchow HW. The influence of smoking on vitamin C status in adults. Am J Public Health. 1989 Feb;79(2):158-162. DOI: 10.2105/ajph.79.2.158
107. Department of Health and Aged Care. Quitline [Internet]. Canberra: Australian Government; 2022 [cited 2022 Feb 18]. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/contacts/quitline
108. Quitline. Quit Victoria [Internet]. Melbourne: Victoria State Government; 2022 [cited 2022 Feb 18]. Available from: https://www.quit.org.au/
109. Molina PE, Happel KI, Zhang P, Kolls JK, Nelson S. Focus on: alcohol and the immune system. Alcohol Res Health. 2010;33(1-2):97-108.
110. Alkhatib A. Antiviral functional foods and exercise lifestyle prevention of coronavirus. Nutrients. 2020 Aug;12(9):E2633. DOI: 10.3390/nu12092633
111. Tajik N, Tajik M, Mack I, Enck P. The potential effects of chlorogenic acid, the main phenolic components in coffee, on health: a comprehensive review of the literature. Eur J Nutr. 2017 Oct;56(7):2215-2244. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1379-1
112. Horrigan LA, Kelly JP, Connor TJ. Immunomodulatory effects of caffeine: friend or foe? Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep;111(3):877-892. DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.02.002
113. Lovallo WR, Farag NH, Vincent AS, Thomas TL, Wilson MF. Cortisol responses to mental stress, exercise, and meals following caffeine intake in men and women. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2006 Mar;83(3):441-447. DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.03.005
114. Morey JN, Boggero IA, Scott AB, Segerstrom SC. Current directions in stress and human immune function. Curr Opin Psychol. 2015 Oct;5:13-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.007