1. Healthline. Magnesium oxide: benefits, side effects, dosage, and interactions [Internet]. San Francisco: Healthline; 2024 [cited 2025 Dec 16]. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/magnesium-oxide

2. Domitrz I, Cegielska J. Magnesium as an important factor in the pathogenesis and treatment of migraine-from theory to practice. Nutrients. 2022 Mar;14(5):1089. DOI: 10.3390/nu14051089

3. Drugs.com. Chelated magnesium [Internet]. North Shore: Drugs.com; 2025 [cited 2025 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.drugs.com/mtm/chelated-magnesium.html

4. Healthdirect Australia. Magnesium and your health [Internet]. Healthdirect Australia; 2025 [cited 2025 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/magnesium

5. Healthline. 12 evidence-based health benefits of magnesium [Internet]. San Francisco: Healthline; 2023 [cited 2025 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/magnesium-benefits

6. Linus Pauling Institute. Supplemental forms: the bioavailability of different forms of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) [Internet]. Oregon: Oregon State University; [cited 2025 Dec 15]. Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-C/supplemental-forms

7. Hartle JW, Morgan S, Poulsen T. Development of a model for in-vitro comparative absorption of magnesium from five magnesium sources commonly used as dietary supplements. FASEB J. 2016 Apr;128(6). DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.128.6

8. Workinger JL, Doyle RP, Bortz J. Challenges in the diagnosis of magnesium status. Nutrients. 2018 Sep;10(9):1202. DOI: 10.3390/nu10091202

9. Hartle J, Morgan S, Poulson T. Development of a model for in vitro comparative absorption of magnesium from five magnesium sources commonly used as dietary supplements [Internet]. Balchem; Albion Minerals; Nov 2017 [cited 2026 Jan 29]. Available from: https://pharmaline.co.il/images/newsletterregistration/trima/2017/11.2017/celllabdata.pdf

10. Siebrecht S. Magnesium bisglycinate as safe form for mineral supplementation in human nutrition. OM & Ernährung. 2013;144:2-16.

11. Spencer H, Norris C, Williams D. Inhibitory effects of zinc on magnesium balance and magnesium absorption in man. J Am Coll Nutr. 1994 Oct;13(5):479-484. DOI: 10.1080/07315724.1994.10718438

12. Vynckier AK, Vanheule G, Vervaet C, Van Den Driessche M. Type of magnesium salt and formulation solubility determines bioavailability of magnesium food supplements. J Nutr Food Sci. 2020;10:781. DOI: 10.35248/2155-9600.20.10.781

13. Healthline. How to use magnesium citrate for constipation [Internet]. San Francisco: Healthline; 2024 [cited 2025 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/digestive-health/magnesium-for-citrate-constipation

14. Zhao H, Wang Y, Guan L, Sun Y. Association between magnesium intake and chronic kidney diseases and kidney stones in adults aged 50 years and older: dose-response analysis of a nationally representative population-based study. J Ren Nutr. 2025 Mar;35(2):311-318. DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2024.11.004

15. Phillips R, Hanchanale VS, Myatt A, Somani B, Nabi G, Biyani CS. Citrate salts for preventing and treating calcium containing kidney stones in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Oct 6;2015(10):CD010057. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010057.pub2

16. Taheri M, Jalali S, Borumandnia N, Tavasoli S, Basiri A, Taheri F. Effect of magnesium oxide or citrate supplements on metabolic risk factors in kidney stone formers with idiopathic hyperoxaluria: a randomized clinical trial. Magnes Res. 2024 Jul;37(1):12-21. DOI: 10.1684/mrh.2024.0524

17. Healthline. 10 types of magnesium (and what to use each for) [Internet]. San Francisco: Healthline; 2023 [cited 2025 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/magnesium-types

18. Kisters K, Gremmler B, Groeber U. Magnesium therapy in hypertensive heart disease. J Hypertens. 2018 Jun;36:e164. DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000539448.20762.87

19. Stepura OB, Martynow AI. Magnesium orotate in severe congestive heart failure (MACH). Int J Cardiol. 2009 May;134(1):145-147. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.01.047

20. Geiss KR, Stergiou N, Jester, Neuenfeld HU, Jester HG. Effects of magnesium orotate on exercise tolerance in patients with coronary heart disease. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1998 Sep;12 Suppl 2:153-156. DOI: 10.1023/a:1007796515957

21. Golf SW, Bender S, Grüttner J. On the significance of magnesium in extreme physical stress. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1998 Sep;12 Suppl 2:197-202. DOI: 10.1023/a:1007708918683

22. Mori H, Tack J, Suzuki H. Magnesium oxide in constipation. Nutrients. 2021 Jan;13(2):421. DOI: 10.3390/nu13020421

23. PubChem [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information; 2025. PubChem compound summary: magnesium oxide; [cited 2025 Dec 16]. Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Magnesium-Oxide

24. Karimi N, Razian A, Heidari M. The efficacy of magnesium oxide and sodium valproate in prevention of migraine headache: a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover study. Acta Neurol Belg. 2021 Feb;121(1):167-173. DOI: 10.1007/s13760-019-01101-x

25. Chiu HY, Yeh TH, Huang YC, Chen PY. Effects of intravenous and oral magnesium on reducing migraine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain Physician. 2016 Jan;19(1):E97-E112.

26. Linus Pauling Institute. Magnesium [Internet]. Oregon: Oregon State University; [cited 2025 Dec 16]. Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/magnesium

27. Fiorentini D, Cappadone C, Farruggia G, Prata C. Magnesium: biochemistry, nutrition, detection, and social impact of diseases linked to its deficiency. Nutrients. 2021 Mar;13(4):1136. DOI: 10.3390/nu13041136

28. Ko YH, Hong S, Pedersen PL. Chemical mechanism of ATP synthase. Magnesium plays a pivotal role in formation of the transition state where ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate. J Biol Chem. 1999 Oct;274(41):28853-28856. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.41.28853

29. Palacios C. The role of nutrients in bone health, from A to Z. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2006;46(8):621-628. DOI: 10.1080/10408390500466174