PELI Logo
title

References - Herbal Support for The Prevention and Management of Chronic Immune Conditions

1. McLane LM, Abdel-Hakeem MS, Wherry EJ. CD8 T cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection and cancer. Annu Rev Immunol. 2019 Apr;37:457-95. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055318.

2. Schapowal A, Klein P, Johnston SL. Echinacea reduces the risk of recurrent respiratory tract infections and complications: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Adv Ther. 2015 Mar;32(3):187-200. DOI: 10.1007/s12325-015-0194-4

3. Bone K, Mills S. Principles and practice of phytotherapy: modern herbal medicine. 2nd ed. London; Churchill Livingstone. 2013. 1051 p.

4. Shah SA, Sander S, White CM, Rinaldi M, Coleman CI. Evaluation of echinacea for the prevention and treatment of the common cold: a meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007 Jul;7(7):473-480. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70160-3

5. MedlinePlus [Internet]. Johns Creek GA: A.D.A.M., Inc.; 2020. Immunodeficiency disorders; 2020 Feb [cited 2022 Apr 5]. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000818.htm

6. Coperchini F, Chiovato L, Croce L, Magri F, Rotondi M. The cytokine storm in COVID-19: an overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2020 Jun;53:25-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.003

7. Iwasaki A, Pillai PS. Innate immunity to influenza virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014 May;14(5):315-328. DOI: 10.1038/nri3665

8. Albanese M, Tagawa T, Buschle A, Hammerschmidt W. MicroRNAs of Epstein-Barr virus control innate and adaptive antiviral immunity. J Virol. 2017 Jul;91(16):e01667-16. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01667-16

9. Ressing ME, Van Gent M, Gram AM, Hooykaas MJG, Piersma SJ, Wiertz EJHJ. Immune evasion by Epstein-Barr virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2015;391:355-381. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22834-1_12

10. Coulon PG, Roy S, Prakash S, Srivastava R, Dhanushkodi N, Salazar S, et al. Upregulation of multiple CD8+ T cell exhaustion pathways is associated with recurrent ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. J Immunol. 2020 Jul;205(2):454-468. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000131

11. Zhang J, Liu H, Wei B. Immune response of T cells during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2017 Apr;18(4):277-288. DOI: 10.1631/jzus.B1600460

12. Nicoll MP, Proença JT, Efstathiou S. The molecular basis of herpes simplex virus latency. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2012 May;36(3):684-705. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00320.x

13. Segerstrom SC, Miller GE. Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychol Bull. 2004 Jul;130(4):601-630. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.601

14. Huang W, Xie P, Xu M, Li P, Zao G. The influence of stress factors on the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1 in infected mice. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2011 Sep;61(1):115-122. DOI: 10.1007/s12013-011-9167-7

15. Thomsen M. Phytotherapy desk reference. 5th ed. 2020. 200 p.

16. Romani A, Ieri F, Urciuoli S, Noce A, Marrone G, Nediani C, et al. Health effects of phenolic compounds found in extra-virgin olive oil, by-products, and leaf of Olea europaea L. Nutrients. 2019 Aug;11(8):E1776. DOI: 10.3390/nu11081776

17. Nicolì F, Negro C, Vergine M, Aprile A, Nutricati E, Sabella E, et al. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant properties of 15 Italian Olea europaea L. cultivar leaves. Molecules. 2019 May;24(10):E1998. DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101998

18. Omar SH. Oleuropein in olive and its pharmacological effects. Sci Pharm. 2010 Apr-Jun;78(2):133-154. DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.0912-18

19. Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China: Volume 1. 10th English ed. Beijing: China Medical Science Press. 2015.

20. Bensky D, Clavey S, Stöger E, Gamble A. Chinese herbal medicine: materia medica. 3rd ed. Seattle: Eastland Press. 2004. 1325 p.

21. Zhai Z, Liu Y, Wu L, Senchina DS, Wurtele ES, Murphy PA, et al. Enhancement of innate and adaptive immune functions by multiple Echinacea species. J Med Food. 2007 Sep;10(3):423-434. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2006.257

22. Chen HQ, Zhang N, Li CX, Zhang HX. Effects of Astragalus membranaceus on systemic lupus erythematosus in a mouse model of pregnancy. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2022 Jun;10(6):e624. DOI: 10.1002/iid3.624

23. Martini N. Continuing professional development: potion or poison? Olive leaf. J Prim Health Care. 2015 Sep;7(3):259.

24. European Medicines Agency. Assessment report on Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC., cortex [Internet]. London: European Medicines Agency; 2015 [cited 2022 Apr 5]. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/draft-assessment-report-uncaria-tomentosa-willd-ex-schult-dc-cortex_en.pdf

25. Liang HY, Hou F, Ding YL, Zhang WN, Huang XH, Zhang BY, et al. [Clinical evaluation of the antioxidant activity of astragalus in women with gestational diabetes]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Bao. 2009 Jul;29(7):1402-1404.

26. Mills SY, Bone K. The essential guide to herbal safety. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2005. 318-321 p.

27. Bone K. A clinical guide to blending liquid herbs. St Louis: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone; 2003. 352 p.

28. Bone K, Mills S. Principles and practice of phytotherapy: modern herbal medicine. 2nd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2013. 389 p.

29. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). Astragalus [Internet]. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2021 [cited 2022 Sep 27]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501891/

30. Wu H, Yang J, Wang S, Zhang X, Hou J, Xu F, et al. Effects of soybean isoflavone and astragalus polysaccharide mixture on colostrum components, serum antioxidant, immune and hormone levels of lactating sows. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(1):132. DOI: 10.3390/ani11010132

31. The Royal Women’s Hospital. Herbal medicines in pregnancy and breastfeeding [Internet]. The Royal Women’s Hospital: Medicines Information Service. 2018 Oct [cited 2022 Oct 12]. 4 p. Available from: https://thewomens.r.worldssl.net/images/uploads/fact-sheets/Herbal-medicines-in-pregnancy-breastfeeding-171018.pdf

32. Perri D, Dugoua JJ, Mills E, Koren G. Safety and efficacy of echinacea (Echinacea augustafolia, E. purpurea and E. pallida) during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;13(3):e262-7.

33. Denisow-Pietrzyk M, Pietrzyk L, Denisow B. Asteraceae species as potential environmental factors of allergy. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019;26(7):6290-6300. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04146-w

34. Williamson E, Driver S, Baxter K. Stockley's herbal medicines interactions: a guide to the interactions of herbal medicines. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2009. 47 p.

35. Braun L, Cohen M, Arthur R, Fox G, McEwen B, Oates L, et al. Herbs & natural supplements, volume 2: an evidence-based guide. 4th ed. Sydney: Churchill Livingstone; 2015. 47 p.

36. Abdul MIM, Jiang X, Williams KM, Day RO, Roufogalis BD, Liauw WS, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of echinacea and policosanol with warfarin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010 May;69(5):508-515. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03620.x

37. Fuller MJ, Khanolkar A, Tebo AE, Zajac AJ. Maintenance, loss, and resurgence of T cell responses during acute, protracted, and chronic viral infections. J Immunol. 2004 Apr;172(7):4204-4214. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4204

38. Kaminski H, Lemoine M, Pradeu T. Immunological exhaustion: how to make a disparate concept operational. PLoS Pathog. 2021 Sep;17(9):e1009892. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009892

39. Saleh D, Yarrarapu SNS, Sharma S. Herpes simplex type 1 [Internet]. Treasure Island: StatPearls; 2021 [cited 2022 May 19]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482197/

40. Hoover K, Higginbotham K. Epstein Barr virus [Internet]. Treasure Island: StatPearls; 2021 [cited 2022 Apr 5]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559285/

41. Rao P, Wen X, Lo JH, Kim S, Li X, Chen S, et al. Herpes simplex virus 1 specifically targets human CD1d antigen presentation to enhance its pathogenicity. J Virol. 2018 Oct;92(22):e01490-18. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01490-18

42. Barral DC, Brenner MB. CD1 antigen presentation: how it works. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007 Dec;7(12):929-941. DOI: 10.1038/nri2191

43. Yi JS, Cox MA, Zajac AJ. T-cell exhaustion: characteristics, causes and conversion. Immunology. 2010 Apr;129(4):474-481. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03255.x

44. Smith AP. Effects of upper respiratory tract illnesses and stress on alertness and reaction time. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013 Oct;38(10):2003-2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.03.012

45. Yan C, Luo Z, Li W, Li X, Dallmann R, Kurihara H, et al. Disturbed Yin-Yang balance: stress increases the susceptibility to primary and recurrent infections of herpes simplex virus type 1. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2020 Mar;10(3):383-398. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.06.005

46. Padgett DA, Sheridan JF, Dorne J, Berntson GG, Candelora J, Glaser R. Social stress and the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jun;95(12):7231-7235. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.12.7231

47. Glaser R, Pearson GR, Jones JF, Hillhouse J, Kennedy S, Mao HY, et al. Stress-related activation of Epstein-Barr virus. Brain Behav Immun. 1991 Jun;5(2):219-232. DOI: 10.1016/0889-1591(91)90018-6

48. Dhabhar FS. Effects of stress on immune function: the good, the bad, and the beautiful. Immunol Res. 2014 May;58(2-3):193-210. DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8517-0

49. Cohen S, Doyle WJ, Alper CM, Janicki-Deverts D, Turner RB. Sleep habits and susceptibility to the common cold. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Jan;169(1):62-67. DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.505

50. Loef B, Van Baarle D, Van Der Beek AJ, Sanders EAM, Bruijning-Verhagen P, Proper KI. Shift work and respiratory infections in health-care workers. Am J Epidemiol. 2019 Mar;188(3):509-517. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy258

51. Lasselin J, Rehman JU, Åkerstedt T, Lekander M, Axelsson J. Effect of long-term sleep restriction and subsequent recovery sleep on the diurnal rhythms of white blood cell subpopulations. Brain Behav Immun. 2015 Jul;47:93-99. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.10.004

52. Badawi A, Drebot M, Ogden NH. Convergence of chronic and infectious diseases: a new direction in public health policy. Can J Public Health. 2019 Aug;110(4):523-524. DOI: 10.17269/s41997-019-00228-x

53. Berbudi A, Rahmadika N, Tjahjadi AI, Ruslami R. Type 2 diabetes and its impact on the immune system. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2020 May;16(5):442-449. DOI: 10.2174/1573399815666191024085838

54. Shomali N, Mahmoudi J, Mahmoodpoor A, Zamiri RE, Akbari M, Xu H, et al. Harmful effects of high amounts of glucose on the immune system: an updated review. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2021 Apr;68(2):404-410. DOI: 10.1002/bab.1938

55. Carr AC, Maggini S. Vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients. 2017 Nov;9(11):E1211. DOI: 10.3390/nu9111211

56. Israel A, Cicurel A, Feldhamer I, Stern F, Dror Y, Giveon SM, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher risks for SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity: a retrospective case-control study. Intern Emerg Med. 2022 Jan;1-11. DOI: 10.1007/s11739-021-02902-w

57. Wessels I, Rolles B, Slusarenko AJ, Rink L. Zinc deficiency as a possible risk factor for increased susceptibility and severe progression of Corona Virus Disease 19. Br J Nutr. 2022 Jan;127(2):214-232. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114521000738

58. Lane K, Worsley D, McKenzie D. Exercise and the lymphatic system: implications for breast-cancer survivors. Sports Med. 2005;35(6):461-471. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200535060-00001

59. Da Silveira MP, Da Silva Fagundes KK, Bizuti MR, Starck É, Rossi RC, De Resende E Silva DT. Physical exercise as a tool to help the immune system against COVID-19: an integrative review of the current literature. Clin Exp Med. 2021 Feb;21(1):15-28. DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00650-3

60. Damiot A, Pinto AJ, Turner JE, Gualano B. Immunological Implications of physical inactivity among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gerontology. 2020;66(5):431-438. DOI: 10.1159/000509216

61. Lakier Smith L. Overtraining, excessive exercise, and altered immunity: is this a T helper-1 versus T helper-2 lymphocyte response. Sports Med. 2003;33(5):347-364. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200333050-00002

62. Keplinger K, Laus G, Wurm M, Dierich MP, Teppner H. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC.--ethnomedicinal use and new pharmacological, toxicological and botanical results. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Jan;64(1):23-34. DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00096-8

63. Wurm M, Kacani L, Laus G, Keplinger K, Dierich MP. Pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids from Uncaria tomentosa induce human endothelial cells to release a lymphocyte-proliferation-regulating factor. Planta Med. 1998 Dec;64(8):701-704. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-957561

64. Bone K. The ultimate herbal compendium: a desktop guide for herbal prescribers. Warwick; Phytotherapy Press. 2007. 157 p.

65. Allen-Hall L, Arnason JT, Cano P, Lafrenie RM. Uncaria tomentosa acts as a potent TNF-alpha inhibitor through NF-kappaB. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Feb;127(3):685-693. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.12.004

66. Sandoval M, Charbonnet RM, Okuhama NN, Roberts J, Krenova Z, Trentacosti AM, et al. Cat's claw inhibits TNFalpha production and scavenges free radicals: role in cytoprotection. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Jul;29(1):71-78. DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00327-0

67. Rojas-Duran R, González-Aspajo G, Ruiz-Martel C, Bourdy G, Doroteo-Ortega VH, Alban-Castillo J, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of mitraphylline isolated from Uncaria tomentosa bark. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Oct;143(3):801-804. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.015

68. Allen-Hall L, Cano P, Arnason JT, Rojas R, Lock O, Lafrenie RM. Treatment of THP-1 cells with Uncaria tomentosa extracts differentially regulates the expression if IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Jan;109(2):312-317. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.07.039

69. Groom SN, Johns T, Oldfield PR. The potency of immunomodulatory herbs may be primarily dependent upon macrophage activation. J Med Food. 2007 Mar;10(1):73-79. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2006.233

70. Ccahuana-Vasquez RA, Santos SSFD, Koga-Ito CY, Jorge AOC. Antimicrobial activity of Uncaria tomentosa against oral human pathogens. Braz Oral Res. 2007 Jan-Mar;21(1):46-50. DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242007000100008

71. García R, Cayunao C, Bocic R, Backhouse N, Delporte C, Zaldivar M, et al. Antimicrobial activity of isopteropodine. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci. 2005 May-Jun;60(5-6):385-388. DOI: 10.1515/znc-2005-5-603

72. Navarro-Hoyos M, Lebrón-Aguilar R, Quintanilla-López JE, Cueva C, Hevia D, Quesada S, et al. Proanthocyanidin characterization and bioactivity of extracts from different parts of Uncaria tomentosa L. (cat's claw). Antioxidants (Basel). 2017 Feb;6(1):E12. DOI: 10.3390/antiox6010012

73. Barrett B. Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review. Phytomedicine. 2003 Jan;10(1):66-86. DOI: 10.1078/094471103321648692

74. Hudson JB. Applications of the phytomedicine Echinacea purpurea (purple coneflower) in infectious diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:769896. DOI: 10.1155/2012/769896

75. Braun L, Cohen M, Arthur R, Fox G, McEwen B, Oates L, et al. Herbs & natural supplements, volume 2: an evidence-based guide. 4th ed. Sydney: Churchill Livingstone; 2015. 1362 p.

76. Matthias A, Banbury L, Stevenson LM, Bone KM, Leach DN, Lehmann RP. Alkylamides from echinacea modulate induced immune responses in macrophages. Immunol Invest. 2007;36(2):117-130. DOI: 10.1080/08820130600745786

77. El-Feituri M, Wallwiener D, Gückel B, Kayser S, Northoff H. Echinacea purpurea promotes maturation of dendritic cells in vitro. Sch Acad J Biosci. 2017;5(4):325-329. DOI: 10.21276/sajb

78. LaLone CA, Hammer KDP, Wu L, Bae J, Leyva N, Liu Y, et al. Echinacea species and alkamides inhibit prostaglandin E(2) production in RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Sep;55(18):7314-7322. DOI: 10.1021/jf063711a

79. Manayi A, Vazirian M, Saeidnia S. Echinacea purpurea: pharmacology, phytochemistry and analysis methods. Pharmacogn Rev. 2015 Jan-Jun;9(17):63-72. DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.156353

80. Müller-Jakic B, Breu W, Pröbstle A, Redl K, Greger H, Bauer R. In vitro inhibition of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase by alkamides from Echinacea and Achillea species. Planta Med. 1994 Feb;60(1):37-40. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959404

81. Gertsch J, Schoop R, Kuenzle U, Suter A. Echinacea alkylamides modulate TNF-alpha gene expression via cannabinoid receptor CB2 and multiple signal transduction pathways. FEBS Lett. 2004 Nov;577(3):563-569. DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.10.064

82. Schapowal A. The triple action of the herbal medicine Echinaforce® in the treatment of colds and flu-like infections. Schweiz Z Ganzheitsmed. 2011;23:40-44. DOI: 10.1159/000323357

83. Guo Z, Lou Y, Kong M, Luo Q, Liu Z, Wu J. A systematic review of phytochemistry, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics on astragali radix: implications for astragali radix as a personalized medicine. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Mar;20(6):E1463. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061463

84. Sinclair S. Chinese herbs: a clinical review of Astragalus, Ligusticum, and Schizandrae. Altern Med Rev. 1998 Oct;3(5):338-344.

85. Su G, Chen X, Liu Z, Yang L, Zhang L, Stålsby Lundborg C, et al. Oral astragalus (huang qi) for preventing frequent episodes of acute respiratory tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Dec;12:CD011958. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011958.pub2

86. Hai-Long Z, Shimin C, Yalan L. Some Chinese folk prescriptions for wind-cold type common cold. J Tradit Complement Med. 2015 Jul;5(3):135-137. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.035

87. Charles NE. The new revolution of immunotherapy: is it time to pair it with the old one? —Yellow Leader as a candidate. Longhua Chin Med, 2019:2.

88. Ye L, Jia Y, Ji KE, Sanders AJ, Xue K, Ji J, et al. Traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of cancer and cancer metastasis. Oncol Lett. 2015 Sep;10(3):1240-1250. DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3459

89. Qin Q, Niu J, Wang Z, Xu W, Qiao Z, Gu Y. Astragalus embranaceus extract activates immune response in macrophages via heparanase. Molecules. 2012 Jun;17(6):7232-7240. DOI: 10.3390/molecules17067232

90. Bai CZ, Hao JQ, Hao XL, Feng ML. Preparation of Astragalus membranaceus lectin and evaluation of its biological function. Biomed Rep. 2018 Oct;9(4):345-349. DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1132

91. Sun Y, Yang J. [Experimental study of the effect of Astragalus membranaceus against herpes simplex virus type 1]. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2004 Jan;24(1):57-58.

92. Medina E, Romero C, García P, Brenes M. Characterization of bioactive compounds in commercial olive leaf extracts, and olive leaves and their infusions. Food Funct. 2019 Aug;10(8):4716-4724. DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00698b

93. Bisignano G, Tomaino A, Lo Cascio R, Crisafi G, Uccella N, Saija A. On the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999 Aug;51(8):971-974. DOI: 10.1211/0022357991773258

94. Salamanca A, Almodóvar P, Jarama I, González-Hedström D, Prodanov M, Inarejos-García AM. Anti-influenza virus activity of the elenolic acid rich olive leaf (Olea europaea L.) extract Isenolic®. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2021 Jan-Dec;29:20402066211063391. DOI: 10.1177/20402066211063391

95. Shrestha S, Foxman B, Berus J, Van Panhuis WG, Steiner C, Viboud C, et al. The role of influenza in the epidemiology of pneumonia. Sci Rep. 2015 Oct;5:15314. DOI: 10.1038/srep15314

96. Self WH, Wunderink RG, Williams DJ, Zhu Y, Anderson EJ, Balk RA, et al. Staphylococcus aureus community-acquired pneumonia: prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Aug;63(3):300-309. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw300

97. Torres A, Blasi F, Peetermans WE, Viegi G, Welte T. The aetiology and antibiotic management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults in Europe: a literature review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014 Jul;33(7):1065-1079. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2067-1

98. Vimalanathan S, Schoop R, Suter A, Hudson J. Prevention of influenza virus induced bacterial superinfection by standardized Echinacea purpurea, via regulation of surface receptor expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Virus Res. 2017 Apr;233:51-59. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.03.006

99. Pleschka S, Stein M, Schoop R, Hudson JB. Anti-viral properties and mode of action of standardized Echinacea purpurea extract against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1, H7N7) and swine-origin H1N1 (S-OIV). Virol J. 2009 Nov;6:197. DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-6-197

100. Sharma M, Anderson SA, Schoop R, Hudson JB. Induction of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines by respiratory viruses and reversal by standardized Echinacea, a potent antiviral herbal extract. Antiviral Res. 2009 Aug;83(2):165-170. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.04.009

101. Thomas M, Bomar PA. Upper respiratory tract infection [Internet]. Treasure Island: StatPearls; 2021 [cited 2022 Apr 5]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532961/

102. Rovers MM, Balemans WAF, Sanders EAM, Van Der Ent CK, Zielhuis GA, Schilder AGM. Persistence of upper respiratory tract infections in a cohort followed from childhood to adulthood. Fam Pract. 2006 Jun;23(3):286-290. DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cml001

103. Melamed KH, Williams J, Wang X, Hu S, Nguyen C, Cui J, et al. Development of secondary bacterial pneumonia in adults presenting with influenza versus noninfluenza viral respiratory infection. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2020 Jan-Dec;14:1753466620963026. DOI: 10.1177/1753466620963026

104. Sharma M, Schoop R, Hudson JB. The efficacy of Echinacea in a 3-D tissue model of human airway epithelium. Phytother Res. 2010 Jun;24(6):900-904. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3051

105. Sharma M, Schoop R, Hudson JB. Echinacea as an antiinflammatory agent: the influence of physiologically relevant parameters. Phytother Res. 2009 Jun;23(6):863-867. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2714

106. Jawad M, Schoop R, Suter A, Klein P, Eccles R. Safety and efficacy profile of Echinacea purpurea to prevent common cold episodes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:841315. DOI: 10.1155/2012/841315

107. Weber W, Taylor JA, Stoep AV, Weiss NS, Standish LJ, Calabrese C. Echinacea purpurea for prevention of upper respiratory tract infections in children. J Altern Complement Med. 2005 Dec;11(6):1021-1026. DOI: 10.1089/acm.2005.11.1021

108. Ogal M, Johnston SL, Klein P, Schoop R. Echinacea reduces antibiotic usage in children through respiratory tract infection prevention: a randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial. Eur J Med Res. 2021 Apr;26(1):33. DOI: 10.1186/s40001-021-00499-6

109. Somerville V, Moore R, Braakhuis A. The effect of olive leaf extract on upper respiratory illness in high school athletes: a randomised control trial. Nutrients. 2019 Feb;11(2):E358. DOI: 10.3390/nu11020358

110. Caon T, Kaiser S, Feltrin C, De Carvalho A, Sincero TC, Ortega GG, et al. Antimutagenic and antiherpetic activities of different preparations from Uncaria tomentosa (cat's claw). Food Chem Toxicol. 2014 Apr;66:30-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.01.013

111. Binns SE, Hudson J, Merali S, Arnason JT. Antiviral activity of characterized extracts from Echinacea spp. (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) against herpes simplex virus (HSV-I). Planta Med. 2002 Sep;68(9):780-783. DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-34397

112. Ghaemi A, Soleimanjahi H, Gill P, Arefian E, Soudi S, Hassan Z. Echinacea purpurea polysaccharide reduces the latency rate in herpes simplex virus type-1 infections. Intervirology. 2009;52(1):29-34. DOI: 10.1159/000212988

113. Roesler J, Emmendörffer A, Steinmüller C, Luettig B, Wagner H, Lohmann-Matthes ML. Application of purified polysaccharides from cell cultures of the plant Echinacea purpurea to test subjects mediates activation of the phagocyte system. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1991;13(7):931-941. DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(91)90046-a

114. Luettig B, Steinmüller C, Gifford GE, Wagner H, Lohmann-Matthes ML. Macrophage activation by the polysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1989 May;81(9):669-675. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/81.9.669

115. Wagner H, Stuppner H, Schäfer W, Zenk M. Immunologically active polysaccharides of Echinacea purpurea cell cultures. Phytochemistry. 1988;27(1):119-126. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(88)80601-0

116. Shi L, Yin F, Xin X, Mao S, Hu P, Zhao C, et al. Astragalus polysaccharide protects astrocytes from being infected by HSV-1 through TLR3/NF-κB signaling pathway. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:285356. DOI: 10.1155/2014/285356

117. Liu T, Zhang L, Joo D, Sun SC. NF-κB signaling in inflammation. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2017;2:17023. DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2017.23

118. Motamedifar M, Nekooeian AA, Moatari A. The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of olive leaves against herpes simplex virus type 1. Iran J Med Sci. 2007 Dec;7(4):222-226.

119. Miyashita EM, Yang B, Babcock GJ, Thorley-Lawson DA. Identification of the site of Epstein-Barr virus persistence in vivo as a resting B cell. J Virol. 1997 Jul;71(7):4882-4891. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.71.7.4882-4891.1997

120. Hickie I, Davenport T, Wakefield D, Vollmer-Conna U, Cameron B, Vernon SD, et al. Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2006 Sep;333(7568):575. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38933.585764.AE

121. Guo Q, Sun X, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Yao G, Li F, et al. The effect of Astragalus polysaccharide on the Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle. Acta Virol. 2014;58(1):76-80. DOI: 10.4149/av_2014_01_76

122. Ben-Amor I, Gargouri B, Attia H, Tlili K, Kallel I, Musarra-Pizzo M, et al. In vitro anti-Epstein Barr virus activity of Olea europaea L. leaf extracts. Plants (Basel). 2021 Nov;10(11):2445. DOI: 10.3390/plants10112445

123. Chen Z, Liu L, Gao C, Chen W, Vong CT, Yao P, et al. Astragali radix (huangqi): a promising edible immunomodulatory herbal medicine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020 Aug;258:112895. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112895

124. Hashmi MA, Khan A, Hanif M, Farooq U, Perveen S. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Olea europaea (olive). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:541591. DOI: 10.1155/2015/541591

125. Malavige GN, Ogg GS. Pathogenesis of vascular leak in dengue virus infection. Immunology. 2017 Jul;151(3):261-269. DOI: 10.1111/imm.12748

126. Schmid MA, Diamond MS, Harris E. Dendritic cells in dengue virus infection: targets of virus replication and mediators of immunity. Front Immunol. 2014;5:647. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00647

127. Lima-Junior RS, Da Silva Mello C, Siani AC, Valente LM, Kubelka CF. Uncaria tomentosa alkaloidal fraction reduces paracellular permeability, IL-8 and NS1 production on human microvascular endothelial cells infected with dengue virus. Nat Prod Commun. 2013 Nov;8(11):1547-1550.

128. Priyadarshini D, Gadia RR, Tripathy A, Gurukumar KR, Bhagat A, Patwardhan S, et al. Clinical findings and pro-inflammatory cytokines in dengue patients in Western India: a facility-based study. PLoS One. 2010 Jan;5(1):e8709. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008709

129. Azeredo EL, Zagne SM, Santiago MA, Gouvea AS, Santana AA, Neves-Souza PC, et al. Characterisation of lymphocyte response and cytokine patterns in patients with dengue fever. Immunobiology. 2001 Dec;204(4):494-507. DOI: 10.1078/0171-2985-00058

130. Hober D, Poli L, Roblin B, Gestas P, Chungue E, Granic G, et al. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in dengue-infected patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993 Mar;48(3):324-331. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1993.48.324

131. Reis SRIN, Valente LMM, Sampaio AL, Siani AC, Gandini M, Azeredo EL, et al. Immunomodulating and antiviral activities of Uncaria tomentosa on human monocytes infected with dengue virus-2. Int Immunopharmacol. 2008 Mar;8(3):468-476. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.11.010

132. Yepes-Perez AF, Herrera-Calderón O, Oliveros CA, Flórez-Álvarez L, Zapata-Cardona MI, Yepes L, et al. The hydroalcoholic extract of Uncaria tomentosa (cat's claw) inhibits the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in vitro. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:6679761. DOI: 10.1155/2021/6679761

133. Tiralongo E, Lea RA, Wee SS, Hanna MM, Griffiths LR. Randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of echinacea supplementation in air travellers. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:417267. DOI: 10.1155/2012/417267

134. Signer J, Jonsdottir HR, Albrich WC, Strasser M, Züst R, Ryter S, et al. In vitro virucidal activity of Echinaforce®, an Echinacea purpurea preparation, against coronaviruses, including common cold coronavirus 229E and SARS-CoV-2. Virol J. 2020 Sep;17(1):136. DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01401-2

135. Moatari A, Nekoueian AA, Motamedifar M. The antiinfluenza virus activity of hydroalcoholic extract of olive leaves. Iran J Pharm Sci. 2006;2(3):163-168.

136. Alhadrami HA, Sayed AM, Sharif AM, Azhar EI, Rateb ME. Olive-derived triterpenes suppress SARS COV-2 main protease: a promising scaffold for future therapeutics. Molecules. 2021 May;26(9):2654. DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092654

logo

Your one stop destination for education and clinical tools, driven by our purpose to inspire people to live better lives through natural healthcare.

Customer Care or Clinical Support

1300 654 336

or visit www.myintegria.com

© 2025, Integria is a registered trademark of Integria Healthcare (Australia) Pty Ltd

Terms of Use | Privacy | Policies