References - Eagle Elderberry and Essential Cofactors for Antiviral Support
1. Mahboubi M. Sambucus nigra (black elder) as alternative treatment for cold and flu. Adv Trad Med. 2021;21(3):405-414. DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00469-z
2. Wat D. The common cold: a review of the literature. Eur J Intern Med. 2004 Apr;15(2):79-88. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2004.01.006
3. Heikkinen T, Järvinen A. The common cold. Lancet. 2003 Jan;361(9351):51-59. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12162-9
4. Healthdirect. Colds and flu [Internet]. Canberra: Australian Government; 2022 [cited 2022 Jun 7]. Available from: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/colds-and-flu
5. Mäkelä MJ, Puhakka T, Ruuskanen O, Leinonen M, Saikku P, Kimpimäki M, et al. Viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the common cold. J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Feb;36(2):539-542. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.36.2.539-542.1998
6. The Conversation. Q&A: is the common cold really much worse this year? [Internet]. Carlton: The Conversation Media Group; 2021 [cited 2022 Jun 7]. Available from: https://theconversation.com/qanda-is-the-common-cold-really-much-worse-this-year-170338
7. Rotbart HA, Hayden FG. Picornavirus infections: a primer for the practitioner. Arch Fam Med. 2000 Sep-Oct;9(9):913-920. DOI: 10.1001/archfami.9.9.913
8. Moa AY, Muscatello DJ, Turner RM, MacIntyre CR. Estimated hospitalisations attributable to seasonal and pandemic influenza in Australia: 2001- 2013. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0230705. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230705
9. Department of Health. Australian vaccine preventable disease epidemiological review series: influenza 2006 to 2015 [Internet]. Canberra: Australian Government; 2016 [cited 2022 Jun 7]. Available from: https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-cdi4004f.htm
10. Department of Health. Flu (influenza) [Internet]. Canberra: Australian Government; 2022 [cited 2022 Jun 7]. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/health-topics/flu-influenza
11. World Health Organization. Global influenza programme: burden of disease [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 [cited 2022 Jun 7]. Available from: https://www.who.int/teams/global-influenza-programme/surveillance-and-monitoring/burden-of-disease
12. World Health Organization. WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 [cited 2022 Sep 8]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/
13. Xue L, Jing S, Zhang K, Milne R, Wang H. Infectivity versus fatality of SARS-CoV-2 mutations and influenza. Int J Infect Dis. 2022 Aug;121:195-202. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.05.031
14. Abdelrahman Z, Li M, Wang X. Comparative review of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and influenza A respiratory viruses. Front Immunol. 2020;11:552909. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.552909
15. Mohapatra RK, Pintilie L, Kandi V, Sarangi AK, Das D, Sahu R, et al. The recent challenges of highly contagious COVID-19, causing respiratory infections: Symptoms, diagnosis, transmission, possible vaccines, animal models, and immunotherapy. Chem Biol Drug Des. 2020 Nov;96(5):1187-1208. DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13761
16. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Provisional mortality statistics: provisional deaths data for measuring changes in patterns of mortality: reference period Jan - May 2022 [Internet]. Belconnen: Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2022 [cited 2022 Sep 8]. Available from: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/causes-death/provisional-mortality-statistics/latest-release
17. InformedHealth.org. Common colds: relief for a stuffy nose, cough and sore throat [Internet]. Cologne: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care; 2020 [cited 2022 Apr 5]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279542/
18. Singh M, Singh M, Jaiswal N, Chauhan A. Heated, humidified air for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug;8:CD001728. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001728.pub6
19. Deckx L, De Sutter AI, Guo L, Mir NA, Van Driel ML. Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct;10:CD009612. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009612.pub2
20. Gardner Z, McGuffin M. American Herbal Products Association’s botanical safety handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2013. 776-777 p.
21. American Botanical Council. The ABC clinical guide to elder berry [Internet]. Austin: American Botanical Council; 2004 [cited 2022 October 12]. 11 p. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20201123005917/http://abc.herbalgram.org/site/DocServer/Elderberry-scr.pdf?docID=165
22. Ramachandran A, Antala D, Pudasainee P, Panginikkod S, Gupta H. A plausible association between the use of elderberry and autoimmune hepatitis. Cureus. 2022 Apr;14(4):e24250. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24250
23. Natural Medicines Database [Internet]. Stockton CA: TRC Healthcare; 2022. Vitamin C; 2022 Jun [cited 2022 Jul 7]. Available from: https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com/databases/food,-herbs-supplements/professional.aspx?productid=1001
24. Braun L, Cohen M, Arthur R, Fox G, McEwen B, Oates L, et al. Herbs & natural supplements, volume 2: an evidence-based guide. 4th ed. Sydney: Churchill Livingstone; 2015. 1101-1024 p.
25. Smith JG, Silvestry M, Lindert S, Lu W, Nemerow GR, Stewart PL. Insight into the mechanisms of adenovirus capsid disassembly from studies of defensin neutralization. PLoS Pathog. 2010 Jun;6(6):e1000959. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000959
26. Dreschers S, Dumitru CA, Adams C, Gulbins E. The cold case: are rhinoviruses perfectly adapted pathogens. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007 Jan;64(2):181-191. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-006-6266-5
27. Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL. Section 6.3. Viruses: structure, function, and uses. In: Tenney S, Ahr K, Steyn R, Ueno K, editors. Molecular cell biology. 4th ed. New York: W H Freeman and Company; 2001. p. 1084.
28. Luo M. Influenza virus entry. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012;726:201-221. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0980-9_9
29. Foglierini M, Marcandalli J, Perez L. HCMV envelope glycoprotein diversity demystified. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1005. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01005
30. Arduino PG, Porter SR. Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection: overview on relevant clinico-pathological features. J Oral Pathol Med. 2008 Feb;37(2):107-121. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00586.x
31. Fenouillet E, Barbouche R, Jones IM. Cell entry by enveloped viruses: redox considerations for HIV and SARS-coronavirus. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2007 Aug;9(8):1009-1034. DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1639
32. Cohen FS. How viruses invade cells. Biophys J. 2016 Mar;110(5):1028-1032. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.02.006
33. Shtyrya YA, Mochalova LV, Bovin NV. Influenza virus neuraminidase: structure and function. Acta Naturae. 2009 Jul;1(2):26-32. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00039
34. Mair CM, Ludwig K, Herrmann A, Sieben C. Receptor binding and pH stability - how influenza A virus hemagglutinin affects host-specific virus infection. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Apr;1838(4):1153-1168. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.10.004
35. McAuley JL, Gilbertson BP, Trifkovic S, Brown LE, McKimm-Breschkin JL. Influenza virus neuraminidase structure and functions. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:39. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00039
36. Koonin LM, Patel A. Timely antiviral administration during an influenza pandemic: key components. Am J Public Health. 2018 Sep;108(S3):S215-S220. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304609
37. Harvey WT, Carabelli AM, Jackson B, Gupta RK, Thomson EC, Harrison EM, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021 Jul;19(7):409-424. DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00573-0
38. Wang P, Nair MS, Liu L, Iketani S, Luo Y, Guo Y, et al. Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7. bioRxiv. 2021 Feb. DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.25.428137
39. Gobeil SMC, Janowska K, McDowell S, Mansouri K, Parks R, Stalls V, et al. Effect of natural mutations of SARS-CoV-2 on spike structure, conformation, and antigenicity. Science. 2021 Aug;373(6555):eabi6226. DOI: 10.1126/science.abi6226
40. World Health Organization. Influenza [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 [cited 2022 Jun 7]. Available from: https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccines-quality/influenza
41. Janeway CA, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik M. Immunobiology 5: the immune system in health and disease [Internet]. New York: Garland Science; 2001 [cited 2022 Aug 12]. 600 p. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10757/
42. Adeola OA. Treatment of influenza: prospects of post-transcriptional gene silencing through synthetic siRNAs. Explor Res Hypothesis Med. 2017 Mar;2(1). DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2016.00013
43. Segerstrom SC, Miller GE. Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychol Bull. 2004 Jul;130(4):601-630. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.601
44. Dhabhar FS. Effects of stress on immune function: the good, the bad, and the beautiful. Immunol Res. 2014 May;58(2-3):193-210. DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8517-0
45. Smith AP. Effects of upper respiratory tract illnesses and stress on alertness and reaction time. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013 Oct;38(10):2003-2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.03.012
46. Yan C, Luo Z, Li W, Li X, Dallmann R, Kurihara H, et al. Disturbed Yin-Yang balance: stress increases the susceptibility to primary and recurrent infections of herpes simplex virus type 1. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2020 Mar;10(3):383-398. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.06.005
47. Padgett DA, Sheridan JF, Dorne J, Berntson GG, Candelora J, Glaser R. Social stress and the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jun;95(12):7231-7235. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.12.7231
48. Glaser R, Pearson GR, Jones JF, Hillhouse J, Kennedy S, Mao HY, et al. Stress-related activation of Epstein-Barr virus. Brain Behav Immun. 1991 Jun;5(2):219-232. DOI: 10.1016/0889-1591(91)90018-6
49. Moritz B, Schmitz AE, Rodrigues ALS, Dafre AL, Cunha MP. The role of vitamin C in stress-related disorders. J Nutr Biochem. 2020 Nov;85:108459. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108459
50. Padayatty SJ, Doppman JL, Chang R, Wang Y, Gill J, Papanicolaou DA, et al. Human adrenal glands secrete vitamin C in response to adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jul;86(1):145-149. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.1.145
51. Carr AC, Maggini S. Vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients. 2017 Nov;9(11):E1211. DOI: 10.3390/nu9111211
52. Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Immune-enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical conditions. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50(2):85-94. DOI: 10.1159/000090495
53. Cohen S, Doyle WJ, Alper CM, Janicki-Deverts D, Turner RB. Sleep habits and susceptibility to the common cold. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Jan;169(1):62-67. DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.505
54. Loef B, Van Baarle D, Van Der Beek AJ, Sanders EAM, Bruijning-Verhagen P, Proper KI. Shift work and respiratory infections in health-care workers. Am J Epidemiol. 2019 Mar;188(3):509-517. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy258
55. Lasselin J, Rehman JU, Åkerstedt T, Lekander M, Axelsson J. Effect of long-term sleep restriction and subsequent recovery sleep on the diurnal rhythms of white blood cell subpopulations. Brain Behav Immun. 2015 Jul;47:93-99. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.10.004
56. Badawi A, Drebot M, Ogden NH. Convergence of chronic and infectious diseases: a new direction in public health policy. Can J Public Health. 2019 Aug;110(4):523-524. DOI: 10.17269/s41997-019-00228-x
57. Berbudi A, Rahmadika N, Tjahjadi AI, Ruslami R. Type 2 diabetes and its impact on the immune system. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2020 May;16(5):442-449. DOI: 10.2174/1573399815666191024085838
58. Sethi S. Infection as a comorbidity of COPD. Eur Respir J. 2010 Jun;35(6):1209-1215. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00081409
59. Shomali N, Mahmoudi J, Mahmoodpoor A, Zamiri RE, Akbari M, Xu H, et al. Harmful effects of high amounts of glucose on the immune system: an updated review. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2021 Apr;68(2):404-410. DOI: 10.1002/bab.1938
60. Wessels I, Rolles B, Slusarenko AJ, Rink L. Zinc deficiency as a possible risk factor for increased susceptibility and severe progression of corona virus disease 19. Br J Nutr. 2022 Jan;127(2):214-232. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114521000738
61. Jiang C, Chen Q, Xie M. Smoking increases the risk of infectious diseases: a narrative review. Tob Induc Dis. 2020;18:60. DOI: 10.18332/tid/123845
62. Arcavi L, Benowitz NL. Cigarette smoking and infection. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Nov;164(20):2206-2216. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.164.20.2206
63. Bailey KL, Samuelson DR, Wyatt TA. Alcohol use disorder: a pre-existing condition for COVID-19. Alcohol. 2021 Feb;90:11-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2020.10.003
64. Simet SM, Sisson JH. Alcohol's effects on lung health and immunity. Alcohol Res. 2015;37(2):199-208.
65. Cava E, Neri B, Carbonelli MG, Riso S, Carbone S. Obesity pandemic during COVID-19 outbreak: narrative review and future considerations. Clin Nutr. 2021 Apr;40(4):1637-1643. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.038
66. Damiot A, Pinto AJ, Turner JE, Gualano B. Immunological implications of physical inactivity among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gerontology. 2020;66(5):431-438. DOI: 10.1159/000509216
67. Lee HK, Hwang IH, Kim SY, Pyo SY. The effect of exercise on prevention of the common cold: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial studies. Korean J Fam Med. 2014 May;35(3):119-126. DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.2014.35.3.119
68. Martin SA, Pence BD, Woods JA. Exercise and respiratory tract viral infections. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2009 Oct;37(4):157-164. DOI: 10.1097/JES.0b013e3181b7b57b
69. Wu Y, Goplen NP, Sun J. Aging and respiratory viral infection: from acute morbidity to chronic sequelae. Cell Biosci. 2021 Jun;11(1):112. DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00624-2
70. Bajaj V, Gadi N, Spihlman AP, Wu SC, Choi CH, Moulton VR. Aging, immunity, and COVID-19: how age influences the host immune response to coronavirus infections. Front Physiol. 2021 Jan;11:571416. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.571416
71. Barlow-Pay F, Htut TW, Khezrian M, Myint PK. Systematic review of immunosuppressant guidelines in the COVID-19 pandemic. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2021 Feb;12:2042098620985687. DOI: 10.1177/2042098620985687
72. Tuano KS, Seth N, Chinen J. Secondary immunodeficiencies: an overview. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021 Dec;127(6):617-626. DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.08.413
73. Rezaei N, Hedayat M, Aghamohammadi A, Nichols KE. Primary immunodeficiency diseases associated with increased susceptibility to viral infections and malignancies. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Jun;127(6):1329-41.e2; quiz 1342-1343. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.02.047
74. Porter RS, Bode RF. A Review of the antiviral properties of black elder (Sambucus nigra L.) products. Phytother Res. 2017 Apr;31(4):533-554. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5782
75. Thomsen M. Phytotherapy desk reference. 5th ed. 2020. 200 p.
76. Netzel M, Strass G, Herbst M, Dietrich H, Bitsch R, Bitsch I, et al. The excretion and biological antioxidant activity of elderberry antioxidants in healthy humans. Food Res Int. 2005 Oct-Nov;38(8-9):905-910. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2005.03.010
77. Ho GTT, Wangensteen H, Barsett H. Elderberry and elderflower extracts, phenolic compounds, and metabolites and their effect on complement, RAW 264.7 macrophages and dendritic cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Mar;18(3):E584. DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030584
78. Pliszka B. Polyphenolic content, antiradical activity, stability and microbiological quality of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) extracts. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment. 2017 Oct-Dec;16(4):393-401. DOI: 10.17306/J.AFS.0523
79. Mikulic-Petkovsek M, Ivancic A, Todorovic B, Veberic R, Stampar F. Fruit phenolic composition of different elderberry species and hybrids. J Food Sci. 2015 Oct;80(10):C2180-2190. DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13008
80. Tiralongo E, Wee SS, Lea RA. Elderberry supplementation reduces cold duration and symptoms in air-travellers: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Nutrients. 2016 Mar;8(4):182. DOI: 10.3390/nu8040182
81. Zakay-Rones Z, Varsano N, Zlotnik M, Manor O, Regev L, Schlesinger M, et al. Inhibition of several strains of influenza virus in vitro and reduction of symptoms by an elderberry extract (Sambucus nigra L.) during an outbreak of influenza B Panama. J Altern Complement Med. 1995;1(4):361-369. DOI: 10.1089/acm.1995.1.361
82. Swaminathan K, Dyason JC, Maggioni A, Von Itzstein M, Downard KM. Binding of a natural anthocyanin inhibitor to influenza neuraminidase by mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2013 Aug;405(20):6563-6572. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7068-x
83. Krawitz C, Mraheil MA, Stein M, Imirzalioglu C, Domann E, Pleschka S, et al. Inhibitory activity of a standardized elderberry liquid extract against clinically-relevant human respiratory bacterial pathogens and influenza A and B viruses. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011 Feb;11:16. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-16
84. Roschek B, Fink RC, McMichael MD, Li D, Alberte RS. Elderberry flavonoids bind to and prevent H1N1 infection in vitro. Phytochemistry. 2009 Jul;70(10):1255-1261. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.06.003
85. Barak V, Halperin T, Kalickman I. The effect of Sambucol, a black elderberry-based, natural product, on the production of human cytokines: I. Inflammatory cytokines. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2001 Apr-Jun;12(2):290-296.
86. Schön C, Mödinger Y, Krüger F, Doebis C, Pischel I, Bonnländer B. A new high-quality elderberry plant extract exerts antiviral and immunomodulatory effects in vitro and ex vivo. Food Agric Immunol. 2021 Oct;32(1):650-662. DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2021.1978941
87. Fal AM, Conrad F, Schönknecht K, Sievers H, Pawińska A. Antiviral activity of the "virus blocking factor" (VBF) derived i.a. from Pelargonium extract and Sambucus juice against different human-pathogenic cold viruses in vitro. Wiad Lek. 2016;69(3 pt 2):499-511.
88. Shahsavandi S, Ebrahimi MM, Hasaninejad Farahani A. Interfering with lipid raft association: a mechanism to control influenza virus infection by Sambucus nigra. Iran J Pharm Res. 2017;16(3):1147-1154.
89. Zakay-Rones Z, Thom E, Wollan T, Wadstein J. Randomized study of the efficacy and safety of oral elderberry extract in the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. J Int Med Res. 2004 Mar-Apr;32(2):132-140. DOI: 10.1177/147323000403200205
90. Fink RC, Roschek B, Alberte RS. HIV type-1 entry inhibitors with a new mode of action. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2009;19(6):243-255. DOI: 10.1177/095632020901900604
91. Fallah MS, Bayati M, Najafi A, Behmard E, Davarpanah SJ. Molecular docking investigation of antiviral herbal compounds as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor. Biointerface Res Appl Chem. 2021;11(5):12916-12924. DOI: 10.33263/BRIAC115.1291612924
92. Boroduske A, Jekabsons K, Riekstina U, Muceniece R, Rostoks N, Nakurte I. Wild Sambucus nigra L. from north-east edge of the species range: a valuable germplasm with inhibitory capacity against SARS-CoV2 S-protein RBD and hACE2 binding in vitro. Ind Crops Prod. 2021 Jul;165:113438. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113438
93. Carr AC, Rowe S. The emerging role of vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Nutrients. 2020 Oct;12(11):E3286. DOI: 10.3390/nu12113286
94. Kojo S. Vitamin C: basic metabolism and its function as an index of oxidative stress. Curr Med Chem. 2004 Apr;11(8):1041-1064. DOI: 10.2174/0929867043455567
95. Padayatty SJ, Katz A, Wang Y, Eck P, Kwon O, Lee JH, et al. Vitamin C as an antioxidant: evaluation of its role in disease prevention. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Feb;22(1):18-35. DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2003.10719272
96. Heuser G, Vojdani A. Enhancement of natural killer cell activity and T and B cell function by buffered vitamin C in patients exposed to toxic chemicals: the role of protein kinase-C. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 1997 Aug;19(3):291-312. DOI: 10.3109/08923979709046977
97. Anderson R, Oosthuizen R, Maritz R, Theron A, Van Rensburg AJ. The effects of increasing weekly doses of ascorbate on certain cellular and humoral immune functions in normal volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980 Jan;33(1):71-76. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/33.1.71
98. Johnston CS, Martin LJ, Cai X. Antihistamine effect of supplemental ascorbic acid and neutrophil chemotaxis. J Am Coll Nutr. 1992 Apr;11(2):172-176.
99. Boxer LA, Vanderbilt B, Bonsib S, Jersild R, Yang HH, Baehner RL. Enhancement of chemotactic response and microtubule assembly in human leukocytes by ascorbic acid. J Cell Physiol. 1979 Jul;100(1):119-126. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041000112
100. Manning J, Mitchell B, Appadurai DA, Shakya A, Pierce LJ, Wang H, et al. Vitamin C promotes maturation of T-cells. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013 Dec;19(17):2054-2067. DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4988
101. Li W, Maeda N, Beck MA. Vitamin C deficiency increases the lung pathology of influenza virus-infected gulo-/- mice. J Nutr. 2006 Oct;136(10):2611-2616. DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.10.2611
102. Garofalo RP, Kolli D, Casola A. Respiratory syncytial virus infection: mechanisms of redox control and novel therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013 Jan;18(2):186-217. DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4307
103. Cheng LL, Liu YY, Li B, Li SY, Ran PX. [An in vitro study on the pharmacological ascorbate treatment of influenza virus]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2012 Jul;35(7):520-523.
104. Tomasa-Irriguible TM, Bielsa-Berrocal L. COVID-19: Up to 82% critically ill patients had low vitamin C values. Nutr J. 2021 Jul;20(1):66. DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00727-z
105. Hemilä H, Carr A, Chalker E. Vitamin C may increase the recovery rate of outpatient cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection by 70%: reanalysis of the COVID A to Z randomized clinical trial. Front Immunol. 2021;12:674681. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674681
106. Manček-Keber M, Hafner-Bratkovič I, Lainšček D, Benčina M, Govednik T, Orehek S, et al. Disruption of disulfides within RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein prevents fusion and represents a target for viral entry inhibition by registered drugs. FASEB J. 2021 Jun;35(6):e21651. DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100560R
107. Jothimani D, Kailasam E, Danielraj S, Nallathambi B, Ramachandran H, Sekar P, et al. COVID-19: poor outcomes in patients with zinc deficiency. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Nov;100:343-349. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.014
108. Hojyo S, Fukada T. Roles of zinc signaling in the immune system. J Immunol Res. 2016;2016:6762343. DOI: 10.1155/2016/6762343
109. Prasad AS. Clinical, immunological, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant roles of zinc. Exp Gerontol. 2008 May;43(5):370-377. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2007.10.013
110. Wessels I, Maywald M, Rink L. Zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function. Nutrients. 2017 Nov;9(12):E1286. DOI: 10.3390/nu9121286
111. Maggini S, Maldonado P, Cardim P, Fernandez Newball C, Sota Latino ER. Vitamins C, D and zinc: synergistic roles in immune function and infections. Vitam Miner. 2017;6:167. DOI: 10.4172/2376-1318.1000167
112. Gammoh NZ, Rink L. Zinc in Infection and Inflammation. Nutrients. 2017 Jun;9(6):E624. DOI: 10.3390/nu9060624
113. Wong CP, Rinaldi NA, Ho E. Zinc deficiency enhanced inflammatory response by increasing immune cell activation and inducing IL6 promoter demethylation. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2015 May;59(5):991-999. DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400761
114. Prasad AS. Zinc in human health: effect of zinc on immune cells. Mol Med. 2008 May-Jun;14(5-6):353-357. DOI: 10.2119/2008-00033.Prasad
115. Sandstead HH, Prasad AS. Zinc intake and resistance to H1N1 influenza. Am J Public Health. 2010 Jun;100(6):970-971. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.187773
116. Merluzzi VJ, Cipriano D, McNeil D, Fuchs V, Supeau C, Rosenthal AS, et al. Evaluation of zinc complexes on the replication of rhinovirus 2 in vitro. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1989 Dec;66(3):425-440.
117. Khan NA, Singla M, Samal S, Lodha R, Medigeshi GR. Respiratory syncytial virus-induced oxidative stress leads to an increase in labile zinc pools in lung epithelial cells. mSphere. 2020 May;5(3):e00447-20. DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00447-20
118. Antoine TE, Mishra YK, Trigilio J, Tiwari V, Adelung R, Shukla D. Prophylactic, therapeutic and neutralizing effects of zinc oxide tetrapod structures against herpes simplex virus type-2 infection. Antiviral Res. 2012 Dec;96(3):363-375. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.09.020
119. Arens M, Travis S. Zinc salts inactivate clinical isolates of herpes simplex virus in vitro. J Clin Microbiol. 2000 May;38(5):1758-1762. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.38.5.1758-1762.2000
120. Kümel G, Schrader S, Zentgraf H, Daus H, Brendel M. The mechanism of the antiherpetic activity of zinc sulphate. J Gen Virol. 1990 Dec;71 (Pt 12):2989-2997. DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-71-12-2989
121. Mboumba Bouassa RS, Gombert B, Mwande-Maguene G, Mannarini A, Bélec L. In vitro inhibitory activity against HPV of the monoterpenoid zinc tetra-ascorbo-camphorate. Heliyon. 2021 Jun;7(6):e07232. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07232
122. Yuasa K, Naganuma A, Sato K, Ikeda M, Kato N, Takagi H, et al. Zinc is a negative regulator of hepatitis C virus RNA replication. Liver Int. 2006 Nov;26(9):1111-1118. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2006.01352.x
123. Pormohammad A, Monych NK, Turner RJ. Zinc and SARS‑CoV‑2: a molecular modeling study of Zn interactions with RNA‑dependent RNA‑polymerase and 3C‑like proteinase enzymes. Int J Mol Med. 2021 Jan;47(1):326-334. DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4790
124. Te Velthuis AJW, Van Den Worm SHE, Sims AC, Baric RS, Snijder EJ, Van Hemert MJ. Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture. PLoS Pathog. 2010 Nov;6(11):e1001176. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176
125. Hajikhezri Z, Darweesh M, Akusjärvi G, Punga T. Role of CCCH-type zinc finger proteins in human adenovirus infections. Viruses. 2020 Nov;12(11):E1322. DOI: 10.3390/v12111322
126. Lin RJ, Huang CH, Liu PC, Lin IC, Huang YL, Chen AY, et al. Zinc finger protein ZFP36L1 inhibits influenza A virus through translational repression by targeting HA, M and NS RNA transcripts. Nucleic Acids Res. 2020 Jul;48(13):7371-7384. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa458
127. Zhu Y, Chen G, Lv F, Wang X, Ji X, Xu Y, et al. Zinc-finger antiviral protein inhibits HIV-1 infection by selectively targeting multiply spliced viral mRNAs for degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Sep;108(38):15834-15839. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1101676108
128. Vogel-González M, Talló-Parra M, Herrera-Fernández V, Pérez-Vilaró G, Chillón M, Nogués X, et al. Low zinc levels at admission associates with poor clinical outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nutrients. 2021 Feb;13(2):562. DOI: 10.3390/nu13020562
129. Mossink JP. Zinc as nutritional intervention and prevention measure for COVID-19 disease. BMJ Nutr Prev Health. 2020 Jun;3(1):111-117. DOI: 10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000095
130. Skalny AV, Rink L, Ajsuvakova OP, Aschner M, Gritsenko VA, Alekseenko SI, et al. Zinc and respiratory tract infections: perspectives for COVID‑19 (review). Int J Mol Med. 2020 Jul;46(1):17-26. DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4575
131. Panchariya L, Khan WA, Kuila S, Sonkar K, Sahoo S, Ghoshal A, et al. Zinc2+ ion inhibits SARS-CoV-2 main protease and viral replication in vitro. Chem Commun (Camb). 2021 Sep;57(78):10083-10086. DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03563k
132. Wessels I, Rolles B, Rink L. The potential impact of zinc supplementation on COVID-19 pathogenesis. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1712. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01712
133. Maggini S, Wenzlaff S, Hornig D. Essential role of vitamin C and zinc in child immunity and health. J Int Med Res. 2010 Mar-Apr;38(2):386-414. DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800203
134. Johnston CS, Barkyoumb GM, Schumacher SS. Vitamin C supplementation slightly improves physical activity levels and reduces cold incidence in men with marginal vitamin C status: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. 2014 Jul;6(7):2572-2583. DOI: 10.3390/nu6072572
135. Ran L, Zhao W, Wang J, Wang H, Zhao Y, Tseng Y, et al. Extra dose of vitamin C based on a daily supplementation shortens the common cold: a meta-analysis of 9 randomized controlled trials. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:1837634. DOI: 10.1155/2018/1837634
136. Ran L, Zhao W, Wang H, Zhao Y, Bu H. Vitamin C as a supplementary therapy in relieving symptoms of the common cold: a meta-analysis of 10 randomized controlled trials. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:8573742. DOI: 10.1155/2020/8573742
137. Vakili R, Vahedian M, Khodaei GH, Mahmoudi M. Effects of zinc supplementation in occurrence and duration of common cold in school aged children during cold season: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Iran J Pediatr. 2009 Dec;19(4): 376-380.
138. Turner RB, Cetnarowski WE. Effect of treatment with zinc gluconate or zinc acetate on experimental and natural colds. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Nov;31(5):1202-1208. DOI: 10.1086/317437
139. Prasad AS, Beck FWJ, Bao B, Snell D, Fitzgerald JT. Duration and severity of symptoms and levels of plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor, and adhesion molecules in patients with common cold treated with zinc acetate. J Infect Dis. 2008 Mar;197(6):795-802. DOI: 10.1086/528803
140. Kinoshita E, Hayashi K, Katayama H, Hayashi T, Obata A. Anti-influenza virus effects of elderberry juice and its fractions. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2012;76(9):1633-1638. DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120112
141. Kim Y, Kim H, Bae S, Choi J, Lim SY, Lee N, et al. Vitamin C is an essential factor on the anti-viral immune responses through the production of interferon-α/β at the initial stage of influenza A virus (H3N2) infection. Immune Netw. 2013 Apr;13(2):70-74. DOI: 10.4110/in.2013.13.2.70
142. Gordon AM, Hardigan PC. A case-control study for the effectiveness of oral zinc in the prevention and mitigation of COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:756707. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.756707
143. Suara RO, Crowe JE. Effect of zinc salts on respiratory syncytial virus replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 Mar;48(3):783-790. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.48.3.783-790.2004