PELI Logo
title

References - Advanced Nutritional and Herbal Support for Maintaining Healthy Blood Glucose

  1.  Diabetes Australia. Diabetes in Australia [Internet]. Turner: Diabetes Australia; 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 31]. Available from: https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/about-diabetes/diabetes-in-australia/
  2. Diabetes Australia. Change the future: reducing the impact of the diabetes epidemic [Internet]. Turner: Diabetes Australia; 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 31]. Available from: https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/Diabetes-Australia-Report-2022_Change-the-Future_1.0.pdf
  3. Lim EL, Hollingsworth KG, Aribisala BS, Chen MJ, Mathers JC, Taylor R. Reversal of type 2 diabetes: normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol. Diabetologia. 2011 Oct;54(10):2506-2514. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2204-7
  4. Stančáková A, Laakso M. Genetics of type 2 diabetes. Endocr Dev. 2016;31:203-220. DOI: 10.1159/000439418
  5. Healthdirect Australia. Type 2 diabetes [Internet]. Healthdirect Australia; 2021 [cited 2023 Feb 9]. Available from: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/type-2-diabetes
  6. Moradi S, Hojjati Kermani MA, Bagheri R, Mohammadi H, Jayedi A, Lane MM, et al. Ultra-processed food consumption and adult diabetes risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2021 Dec;13(12):4410. DOI: 10.3390/nu13124410
  7. Risérus U, Willett WC, Hu FB. Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes. Prog Lipid Res. 2009 Jan;48(1):44-51. DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2008.10.002
  8. Boden G, Homko C, Barrero CA, Stein TP, Chen X, Cheung P, et al. Excessive caloric intake acutely causes oxidative stress, GLUT4 carbonylation, and insulin resistance in healthy men. Sci Transl Med. 2015 Sep;7(304):304re7. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac4765
  9. Caputo T, Gilardi F, Desvergne B. From chronic overnutrition to metaflammation and insulin resistance: adipose tissue and liver contributions. FEBS Lett. 2017 Oct;591(19):3061-3088. DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12742
  10. Polsky S, Akturk HK. Alcohol consumption, diabetes risk, and cardiovascular disease within diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2017 Nov;17(12):136. DOI: 10.1007/s11892-017-0950-8
  11.  Howard AA, Arnsten JH, Gourevitch MN. Effect of alcohol consumption on diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Feb;140(3):211-219. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-140-6-200403160-00011
  12. Hamilton MT, Hamilton DG, Zderic TW. Sedentary behavior as a mediator of type 2 diabetes. Med Sport Sci. 2014;60:11-26. DOI: 10.1159/000357332
  13. Aune D, Norat T, Leitzmann M, Tonstad S, Vatten LJ. Physical activity and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2015 Jul;30(7):529-542. DOI: 10.1007/s10654-015-0056-z
  14. [1] Wang Y, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hu FB. Comparison of abdominal adiposity and overall obesity in predicting risk of type 2 diabetes among men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Mar;81(3):555-563. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/81.3.555
  15. Virtanen M, Ferrie JE, Tabak AG, Akbaraly TN, Vahtera J, Singh-Manoux A, et al. Psychological distress and incidence of type 2 diabetes in high-risk and low-risk populations: the Whitehall II Cohort Study. Diabetes Care. 2014 Aug;37(8):2091-2097. DOI: 10.2337/dc13-2725
  16. Pouwer F, Kupper N, Adriaanse MC. Does emotional stress cause type 2 diabetes mellitus? A review from the European Depression in Diabetes (EDID) Research Consortium. Discov Med. 2010 Feb;9(45):112-118.
  17. Ogilvie RP, Patel SR. The epidemiology of sleep and diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2018 Aug;18(10):82. DOI: 10.1007/s11892-018-1055-8
  18. Nappi F, Barrea L, Di Somma C, Savanelli MC, Muscogiuri G, Orio F, et al. Endocrine aspects of environmental "obesogen" pollutants. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016 Jul 28;13(8):765. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13080765
  19. Andersen YMF, Egeberg A, Ban L, Gran S, Williams HC, Francis NA, et al. Association between topical corticosteroid use and type 2 diabetes in two European population-based adult cohorts. Diabetes Care. 2019 Jun;42(6):1095-1103. DOI: 10.2337/dc18-2158
  20. Hwang JL, Weiss RE. Steroid-induced diabetes: a clinical and molecular approach to understanding and treatment. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2014 Feb;30(2):96-102. DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2486
  21. Laakso M, Kuusisto J. Diabetes secondary to treatment with statins. Curr Diab Rep. 2017 Feb;17(2):10. DOI: 10.1007/s11892-017-0837-8
  22. Carter AA, Gomes T, Camacho X, Juurlink DN, Shah BR, Mamdani MM. Risk of incident diabetes among patients treated with statins: population based study. BMJ. 2013 May;346:f2610. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f2610
  23. Whicher CA, Price HC, Holt RIG. Mechanisms in endocrinology: antipsychotic medication and type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose regulation. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018 Jun;178(6):R245-R258. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-18-0022
  24. Bobo WV, Cooper WO, Stein CM, Olfson M, Graham D, Daugherty J, et al. Antipsychotics and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and youth. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Oct;70(10):1067-1075. DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2053
  25. Tsalamandris S, Antonopoulos AS, Oikonomou E, Papamikroulis GA, Vogiatzi G, Papaioannou S, et al. The role of inflammation in diabetes: current concepts and future perspectives. Eur Cardiol. 2019 Apr;14(1):50-59. DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2018.33.1
  26. Pitsavos C, Tampourlou M, Panagiotakos DB, Skoumas Y, Chrysohoou C, Nomikos T, et al. Association between low-grade systemic inflammation and type 2 diabetes mellitus among men and women from the ATTICA study. Rev Diabet Stud. 2007;4(2):98-104. DOI: 10.1900/RDS.2007.4.98
  27. Grimble RF. Inflammatory status and insulin resistance. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2002 Sep;5(5):551-559. DOI: 10.1097/00075197-200209000-00015
  28. Montgomery MK, Turner N. Mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance: an update. Endocr Connect. 2015 Mar;4(1):R1-R15. DOI: 10.1530/EC-14-0092
  29. Kim JA, Wei Y, Sowers JR. Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in insulin resistance. Circ Res. 2008 Feb 29;102(4):401-14. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.165472
  30. Martín-Timón I, Sevillano-Collantes C, Segura-Galindo A, Del Cañizo-Gómez FJ. Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: have all risk factors the same strength. World J Diabetes. 2014 Aug;5(4):444-470. DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i4.444
  31. Reed J, Bain S, Kanamarlapudi V. A review of current trends with type 2 diabetes epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatments and future perspectives. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2021;14:3567-3602. DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S319895
  32. Targher G, Corey KE, Byrne CD, Roden M. The complex link between NAFLD and type 2 diabetes mellitus - mechanisms and treatments. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Sep;18(9):599-612. DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00448-y
  33. Shahi A, VSS Prasad, Imam SS, Muheem A, Jahangir MA. Pathophysiological ramifications of diabetic condition: a review. Asian J Biomed Pharm Sci. 2018;8(65):26-36. DOI: 10.4066/2249-622X.65.18-845
  34. Andersen DK, Korc M, Petersen GM, Eibl G, Li D, Rickels MR, et al. Diabetes, pancreatogenic diabetes, and pancreatic cancer. Diabetes. 2017 May;66(5):1103-1110. DOI: 10.2337/db16-1477
  35. Anstee QM, Targher G, Day CP. Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Jun;10(6):330-344. DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.41
  36. Li D. Diabetes and pancreatic cancer. Mol Carcinog. 2012 Jan;51(1):64-74. DOI: 10.1002/mc.20771
  37. Sims-Robinson C, Kim B, Rosko A, Feldman EL. How does diabetes accelerate Alzheimer disease pathology. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Oct;6(10):551-559. DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2010.130
  38. El-Serag HB, Hampel H, Javadi F. The association between diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Mar;4(3):369-380. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2005.12.007
  39. Bone K. A clinical guide to blending liquid herbs. St Louis: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone; 2003. 149-151 p.
  40. Spiteri M. Herbal monographs including medicinal products and food supplements. University of Malta: Department of Pharmacy; 2011. 51 p.
  41. Fogacci F, Rizzo M, Krogager C, Kennedy C, Georges CMG, Knežević T, et al. Safety evaluation of α-lipoic acid supplementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled clinical studies. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020 Oct;9(10):1011. DOI: 10.3390/antiox9101011
  42. Tromba L, Perla FM, Carbotta G, Chiesa C, Pacifico L. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on endothelial function and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight/obese youths: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Nutrients. 2019 Feb;11(2):375. DOI: 10.3390/nu11020375
  43. European Medicines Agency. Community herbal monograph on Cinnamomum verum J.S. Presl, corticis aetheroleum. London (UK): European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products; 2011. 5 p. Report No.: EMA/HMPC/706229/2009.
  44. Spiteri M. Herbal monographs including medicinal products and food supplements. University of Malta: Department of Pharmacy; 2011. 51 p.
  45. Akanji MA, Fatinukun HD, Rotimi DE, Afolabi BL, Adeymi OS. The two sides of dietary antioxidants in cancer therapy. Antioxidants. 2020 Dec. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.94988
  46. Mut-Salud N, Alvarex PJ, Garrido JM, Carrasco E, Aranega A, Rodríguez-Serrano F. Antioxidant intake and antitumor therapy: toward nutritional recommendations for optimal results. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;6719534. DOI: 10.1155/2016/6719534
  47. Yasueda A, Urushima H, Ito T. Efficacy and interaction of antioxidant supplements as adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment. Integr Cancer Ther. 2016 Mar;15(1):17-39. DOI: 10.1177/1534735415610427
  48. Polat S, Kılıçaslan Ö, Sönmez FT. Alpha-lipoic acid intoxication in an adolescent girl: case report and review of the literature. Turk Pediatri Ars. 2020 Sep;55(3):328-330. DOI: 10.14744/TurkPediatriArs.2019.66564
  49. Turck D, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Kearney J, Knutsen HK, et al. Scientific opinion on the relationship between intake of alpha-lipoic acid (thioctic acid) and the risk of insulin autoimmune syndrome. EFSA J. 2021;19(6):e6577. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6577
  50. Chadt A, Al-Hasani H. Glucose transporters in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle in metabolic health and disease. Pflugers Arch. 2020 Sep;472(9):1273-1298. DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02417-x
  51. Wilcox G. Insulin and insulin resistance. Clin Biochem Rev. 2005 May;26(2):19-39.
  52. Kwon H, Pessin JE. Adipokines mediate inflammation and insulin resistance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2013;4:71. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00071
  53. Swisa A, Glaser B, Dor Y. Metabolic stress and compromised identity of pancreatic beta cells. Front Genet. 2017;8:21. DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00021
  54. Cerf ME. Beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2013;4:37. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00037
  55. Giacco F, Brownlee M. Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circ Res. 2010 Oct 29;107(9):1058-1070. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.223545
  56. Klec C, Ziomek G, Pichler M, Malli R, Graier WF. Calcium signaling in ß-cell physiology and pathology: a revisit. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Dec;20(24):6110. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246110
  57. Esteve E, Ricart W, Fernández-Real JM. Adipocytokines and insulin resistance: the possible role of lipocalin-2, retinol binding protein-4, and adiponectin. Diabetes Care. 2009 Nov;32 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S362-S367. DOI: 10.2337/dc09-S340
  58. Lee DE, Kehlenbrink S, Lee H, Hawkins M, Yudkin JS. Getting the message across: mechanisms of physiological cross talk by adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009;296:E1210–E1229. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00015.2009
  59. Watanabe S, Yaginuma R, Ikejima K, Miyazaki A. Liver diseases and metabolic syndrome. J Gastroenterol. 2008;43(7):509-518. DOI: 10.1007/s00535-008-2193-6
  60. Bugianesi E, McCullough AJ, Marchesini G. Insulin resistance: a metabolic pathway to chronic liver disease. Hepatology. 2005 Nov;42(5):987-1000. DOI: 10.1002/hep.20920
  61. Wilson PWF, Grundy SM. The metabolic syndrome: a practical guide to origins and treatment: Part II. Circulation. 2003 Sep 30;108(13):1537-1540. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000089506.12223.F1
  62. Cohn G, Valdes G, Capuzzi DM. Pathophysiology and treatment of the dyslipidemia of insulin resistance. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2001 Sep;3(5):416-423. DOI: 10.1007/s11886-001-0059-0
  63. Huang PL. A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. Dis Model Mech. 2009 May-Jun;2(5-6):231-237. DOI: 10.1242/dmm.001180
  64. Sowers JR. Insulin resistance and hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004 May;286(5):H1597-602. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00026.2004
  65. Madamanchi NR, Runge MS. Mitochondrial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2007 Mar;100(4):460-473. DOI: 10.1161/01.RES.0000258450.44413.96
  66. Mathieu P, Pibarot P, Després JP. Metabolic syndrome: the danger signal in atherosclerosis. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2006;2(3):285-302. DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.2006.2.3.285
  67. Ren J, Pulakat L, Whaley-Connell A, Sowers JR. Mitochondrial biogenesis in the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. J Mol Med (Berl). 2010 Oct;88(10):993-1001. DOI: 10.1007/s00109-010-0663-9
  68. Martinez M, Santamarina J, Pavesi A, Musso C, Umpierrez GE. Glycemic variability and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2021 Mar;9(1):e002032. DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-002032
  69. Ceriello A, Esposito K, Piconi L, Ihnat MA, Thorpe JE, Testa R, et al. Oscillating glucose is more deleterious to endothelial function and oxidative stress than mean glucose in normal and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes. 2008 May;57(5):1349-1354. DOI: 10.2337/db08-0063
  70. Tucker S, Philipson L, Naylor R. The role of monogenic diabetes in pediatric type 2 diabetes. In: Kim G, editor. Pediatric type II diabetes [Internet]. New York: Elsevier; 2019 [cited 2023 Jan 31]. Chapter 5. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978032355138000005X
  71. Qin B, Nagasaki M, Ren M, Bajotto G, Oshida Y, Sato Y. Cinnamon extract (traditional herb) potentiates in vivo insulin-regulated glucose utilization via enhancing insulin signaling in rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003 Dec;62(3):139-148. DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8227(03)00173-6
  72. Haeusler RA, McGraw TE, Accili D. Biochemical and cellular properties of insulin receptor signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2018 Jan;19(1):31-44. DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.89
  73. Haeusler RA, McGraw TE, Accili D. Biochemical and cellular properties of insulin receptor signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2018 Jan;19(1):31-44. DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.89
  74. Haeusler RA, McGraw TE, Accili D. Biochemical and cellular properties of insulin receptor signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2018 Jan;19(1):31-44. DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.89
  75. Haeusler RA, McGraw TE, Accili D. Biochemical and cellular properties of insulin receptor signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2018 Jan;19(1):31-44. DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.89
  76. Stöckli J, Fazakerley DJ, James DE. GLUT4 exocytosis. J Cell Sci. 2011 Dec;124(Pt 24):4147-4159. DOI: 10.1242/jcs.097063
  77. Guerrero-Romero F, Rodríguez-Morán M. Complementary therapies for diabetes: the case for chromium, magnesium, and antioxidants. Arch Med Res. 2005;36(3):250-257. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.01.004
  78. Asbaghi O, Fatemeh N, Mahnaz RK, Ehsan G, Elham E, Behzad N, et al. Effects of chromium supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res. 2020 Nov;161:105098. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105098
  79. Packer L, Kraemer K, Rimbach G. Molecular aspects of lipoic acid in the prevention of diabetes complications. Nutrition. 2001 Oct;17(10):888-895. DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00658-x
  80. Tiwari BK, Pandey KB, Abidi AB, Rizvi SI. Markers of oxidative stress during diabetes mellitus. J Biomark. 2013;2013:378790. DOI: 10.1155/2013/378790
  81. Golbidi S, Badran M, Laher I. Diabetes and alpha lipoic acid. Front Pharmacol. 2011;2:69. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00069
  82. Hahm JR, Kim BJ, Kim KW. Clinical experience with thioctacid (thioctic acid) in the treatment of distal symmetric polyneuropathy in Korean diabetic patients. J Diabetes Complications. 2004 Mar-Apr;18(2):79-85. DOI: 10.1016/S1056-8727(03)00033-3
  83. Chaudhary DP, Sharma R, Bansal DD. Implications of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes: a review. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 May;134(2):119-129. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8465-z
  84. Paolisso G, Barbagallo M. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and insulin resistance: the role of intracellular magnesium. Am J Hypertens. 1997 Mar;10(3):346-355. DOI: 10.1016/s0895-7061(96)00342-1
  85. Fernández-Cao JC, Warthon-Medina M, Moran VH, Arija V, Doepking C, Serra-Majem L, et al. Zinc intake and status and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2019 May;11(5):1027. DOI: 10.3390/nu11051027
  86. Norouzi S, Adulcikas J, Sohal SS, Myers S. Zinc transporters and insulin resistance: therapeutic implications for type 2 diabetes and metabolic disease. J Biomed Sci. 2017 Nov;24(1):87. DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0394-0
  87. Martins MDPSC, Oliveira ASDSS, Martins MDCCE, Carvalho VBL, Rodrigues LARL, Arcanjo DDR, et al. Effects of zinc supplementation on glycemic control and oxidative stress in experimental diabetes: a systematic review. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022 Oct;51:28-36. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.08.003
  88. Cruz KJC, De Oliveira ARS, Marreiro DDN. Antioxidant role of zinc in diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes. 2015 Mar 15;6(2):333-337. DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i2.333
  89. Fernandez-Mejia C. Pharmacological effects of biotin. J Nutr Biochem. 2005 Jul;16(7):424-427. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.03.018
  90. Szymczak-Pajor I, Drzewoski J, Śliwińska A. The molecular mechanisms by which vitamin D prevents insulin resistance and associated disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Sep;21(18):6644. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186644
  91. Gysemans CA, Cardozo AK, Callewaert H, Giulietti A, Hulshagen L, Bouillon R, et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates expression of chemokines and cytokines in pancreatic islets: implications for prevention of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. Endocrinology. 2005 Apr;146(4):1956-1964. DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-1322
  92. Ranasinghe P, Perera S, Gunatilake M, Abeywardene E, Gunapala N, Premakumara S, et al. Effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) on blood glucose and lipids in a diabetic and healthy rat model. Pharmacognosy Res. 2012 Apr;4(2):73-79. DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.94719
  93. Silva ML, Bernardo MA, Singh J, De Mesquita MF. Cinnamon as a complementary therapeutic approach for dysglycemia and dyslipidemia control in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its molecular mechanism of action: a review. Nutrients. 2022 Jul;14(13):2773. DOI: 10.3390/nu14132773
  94. Neal ES, Kumar V, Borges K, Cuffe JSM. Vitamin B12 deficiency induces glucose intolerance, delays peak insulin levels and promotes ketogenesis in female rats. J Endocrinol. 2023 Jan;256(2):e220158. DOI: 10.1530/JOE-22-0158
  95. Copps KD, White MF. Regulation of insulin sensitivity by serine/threonine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate proteins IRS1 and IRS2. Diabetologia. 2012 Oct;55(10):2565-2582. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2644-8
  96. Wang T, Wang J, Hu X, Huang XJ, Chen GX. Current understanding of glucose transporter 4 expression and functional mechanisms. World J Biol Chem. 2020 Nov;11(3):76-98. DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v11.i3.76
  97. Leonardini A, Laviola L, Perrini S, Natalicchio A, Giorgino F. Cross-talk between PPARgamma and insulin signaling and modulation of insulin sensitivity. PPAR Res. 2009;2009:818945. DOI: 10.1155/2009/818945
  98. Adeva-Andany MM, Pérez-Felpete N, Fernández-Fernández C, Donapetry-García C, Pazos-García C. Liver glucose metabolism in humans. Biosci Rep. 2016 Dec;36(6):e00416. DOI: 10.1042/BSR20160385
  99. Polonsky KS, Burant CF. Type 2 diabetes mellitus. In: Melmed S, Polinsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenbery H, editors. Williams textbook of endocrinology [Internet]. 13th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2016 [cited 2023 Feb 21]. Chapter 31. DOI: 10.1016/C2013-0-15980-6
  100. Ballotti R, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Gammeltoft S, Van Obberghen E. Insulin receptor: tyrosine kinase activity and insulin action. Reprod Nutr Dev. 1989;29(6):653-661. DOI: 10.1051/rnd:19890603
  101. Hemmings BA, Restuccia DF. PI3K-PKB/Akt pathway. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2012 Sep;4(9):a011189. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011189
  102. Zhang X, Zhang S, Yamane H, Wahl R, Ali A, Lofgren JA, et al. Kinetic mechanism of AKT/PKB enzyme family. J Biol Chem. 2006 May;281(20):13949-13956. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M601384200
  103. Cong LN, Chen H, Li Y, Zhou L, McGibbon MA, Taylor SI, et al. Physiological role of Akt in insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4 in transfected rat adipose cells. Mol Endocrinol. 1997 Dec;11(13):1881-1890. DOI: 10.1210/mend.11.13.0027
  104. Salmeen A, Andersen JN, Myers MP, Tonks NK, Barford D. Molecular basis for the dephosphorylation of the activation segment of the insulin receptor by protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Mol Cell. 2000 Dec;6(6):1401-1412. DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)00137-4
  105. Johnson TO, Ermolieff J, Jirousek MR. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors for diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2002 Sep;1(9):696-709. DOI: 10.1038/nrd895
  106. Viollet B. The energy sensor AMPK: adaptations to exercise, nutritional and hormonal signals. In: Spiegelman B, editor. Hormones, metabolism and the benefits of exercise [Internet]. Cham: Springer; 2017 [cited 2023 Feb 21]. 13-24 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72790-5
  107. Winder WW, Hardie DG. AMP-activated protein kinase, a metabolic master switch: possible roles in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol. 1999 Jul;277(1):E1-10. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1999.277.1.E1
  108. Matschinsky FM. Glucokinase, glucose homeostasis, and diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep. 2005 Jun;5(3):171-176. DOI: 10.1007/s11892-005-0005-4
  109. Romero-Navarro G, Cabrera-Valladares G, German MS, Matschinsky FM, Velazquez A, Wang J, et al. Biotin regulation of pancreatic glucokinase and insulin in primary cultured rat islets and in biotin-deficient rats. Endocrinology. 1999 Oct;140(10):4595-4600. DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.10.7084
  110. Matschinsky FM. Glucokinase, glucose homeostasis, and diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep. 2005 Jun;5(3):171-176. DOI: 10.1007/s11892-005-0005-4
  111. Adeva-Andany MM, Pérez-Felpete N, Fernández-Fernández C, Donapetry-García C, Pazos-García C. Liver glucose metabolism in humans. Biosci Rep. 2016 Dec;36(6):e00416. DOI: 10.1042/BSR20160385
  112. Haeusler RA, Camastra S, Astiarraga B, Nannipieri M, Anselmino M, Ferrannini E. Decreased expression of hepatic glucokinase in type 2 diabetes. Mol Metab. 2015 Mar;4(3):222-226. DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.12.007
  113. Zhang H, Osada K, Sone H, Furukawa Y. Biotin administration improves the impaired glucose tolerance of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1997 Jun;43(3):271-280. DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.43.271
  114. Fernandez-Mejia C. Pharmacological effects of biotin. J Nutr Biochem. 2005 Jul;16(7):424-427. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.03.018
  115. Reddi A, DeAngelis B, Frank O, Lasker N, Baker H. Biotin supplementation improves glucose and insulin tolerances in genetically diabetic KK mice. Life Sci. 1988;42(13):1323-30. DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(88)90226-3
  116. Zhang Y, Ding Y, Fan Y, Xu Y, Lu Y, Zhai L, et al. Influence of biotin intervention on glycemic control and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr. 2022 Oct;9:1046800. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1046800
  117. Tong L. Structure and function of biotin-dependent carboxylases. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2013 Mar;70(5):863-891. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1096-0
  118. Thorne Research. Biotin. Altern Med Rev. 2007;12(1):73-78.
  119. Fernandez-Mejia C. Pharmacological effects of biotin. J Nutr Biochem. 2005 Jul;16(7):424-427. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.03.018
  120. Ballotti R, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Gammeltoft S, Van Obberghen E. Insulin receptor: tyrosine kinase activity and insulin action. Reprod Nutr Dev. 1989;29(6):653-661. DOI: 10.1051/rnd:19890603
  121. Copps KD, White MF. Regulation of insulin sensitivity by serine/threonine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate proteins IRS1 and IRS2. Diabetologia. 2012 Oct;55(10):2565-2582. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2644-8
  122. Hemmings BA, Restuccia DF. PI3K-PKB/Akt pathway. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2012 Sep;4(9):a011189. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011189
  123. Guerrero-Romero F, Rodríguez-Morán M. Complementary therapies for diabetes: the case for chromium, magnesium, and antioxidants. Arch Med Res. 2005;36(3):250-257. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.01.004
  124. Feng W, Ding Y, Zhang W, Chen Y, Li Q, Wang W, et al. Chromium malate alleviates high-glucose and insulin resistance in L6 skeletal muscle cells by regulating glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity signaling pathways. Biometals. 2018 Oct;31(5):891-908. DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0132-4
  125. Ngala RA, Awe MA, Nsiah P. The effects of plasma chromium on lipid profile, glucose metabolism and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus. A case - control study. PLoS One. 2018 Jul;13(7):e0197977. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197977
  126. Paolisso G, Barbagallo M. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and insulin resistance: the role of intracellular magnesium. Am J Hypertens. 1997 Mar;10(3):346-355. DOI: 10.1016/s0895-7061(96)00342-1
  127. Resnick LM. Ionic basis of hypertension, insulin resistance, vascular disease, and related disorders. The mechanism of "syndrome X". Am J Hypertens. 1993 Apr;6(4):123S-134S. DOI: 10.1093/ajh/6.4s.123s
  128. Kostov K. Effects of magnesium deficiency on mechanisms of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: focusing on the processes of insulin secretion and signaling. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Mar;20(6):1351. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061351
  129. Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ. Magnesium metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007 Feb;458(1):40-47. DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.05.007
  130. Takaya J, Higashino H, Kobayashi Y. Intracellular magnesium and insulin resistance. Magnes Res. 2004 Jun;17(2):126-136.
  131. Gommers LMM, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM, De Baaij JHF. Hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetes: a vicious circle. Diabetes. 2016 Jan;65(1):3-13. DOI: 10.2337/db15-1028
  132. Dong JY, Xun P, He K, Qin LQ. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetes Care. 2011 Sep;34(9):2116-2122. DOI: 10.2337/dc11-0518
  133. Fernández-Cao JC, Warthon-Medina M, Moran VH, Arija V, Doepking C, Serra-Majem L, et al. Zinc intake and status and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2019 May;11(5):1027. DOI: 10.3390/nu11051027
  134. Norouzi S, Adulcikas J, Sohal SS, Myers S. Zinc transporters and insulin resistance: therapeutic implications for type 2 diabetes and metabolic disease. J Biomed Sci. 2017 Nov;24(1):87. DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0394-0
  135. Haase H, Maret W. Fluctuations of cellular, available zinc modulate insulin signaling via inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2005;19(1):37-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2005.02.004
  136. Norouzi S, Adulcikas J, Sohal SS, Myers S. Zinc stimulates glucose oxidation and glycemic control by modulating the insulin signaling pathway in human and mouse skeletal muscle cell lines. PLoS One. 2018 Jan;13(1):e0191727. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191727
  137. Maret W. Zinc in pancreatic islet biology, insulin sensitivity, and diabetes. Prev Nutr Food Sci. 2017 Mar;22(1):1-8. DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2017.22.1.1
  138. Miao X, Sun W, Fu Y, Miao L, Cai L. Zinc homeostasis in the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Front Med. 2013 Mar;7(1):31-52. DOI: 10.1007/s11684-013-0251-9
  139. Bandeira VDS, Pires LV, Hashimoto LL, De Alencar LL, Almondes KGS, Lottenberg SA, et al. Association of reduced zinc status with poor glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2017 Dec;44:132-136. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.07.004
  140. George N, Kumar TP, Antony S, Jayanarayanan S, Paulose CS. Effect of vitamin D3 in reducing metabolic and oxidative stress in the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Br J Nutr. 2012 Oct;108(8):1410-1418. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114511006830
  141. Szymczak-Pajor I, Drzewoski J, Śliwińska A. The molecular mechanisms by which vitamin D prevents insulin resistance and associated disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Sep;21(18):6644. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186644
  142. Alvarez JA, Ashraf A. Role of vitamin D in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity for glucose homeostasis. Int J Endocrinol. 2010;2010:351385. DOI: 10.1155/2010/351385
  143. Begum N, Leitner W, Reusch JE, Sussman KE, Draznin B. GLUT-4 phosphorylation and its intrinsic activity. Mechanism of Ca(2+)-induced inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose transport. J Biol Chem. 1993 Feb;268(5):3352-3356.
  144. Said J, Lagat D, Kimaina A, Oduor C. Beta cell function, insulin resistance and vitamin D status among type 2 diabetes patients in Western Kenya. Sci Rep. 2021 Feb;11(1):4084. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83302-0
  145. Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VLW, Saad MF. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 May;79(5):820-825. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.5.820
  146. Szymczak-Pajor I, Śliwińska A. Analysis of association between vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance. Nutrients. 2019 Apr;11(4):794. DOI: 10.3390/nu11040794
  147. Mitri J, Muraru MD, Pittas AG. Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011 Sep;65(9):1005-1015. DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.118
  148. Santos HO, Da Silva GAR. To what extent does cinnamon administration improve the glycemic and lipid profiles. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2018 Oct;27:1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.07.011
  149. Rao PV, Gan SH. Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:642942. DOI: 10.1155/2014/642942
  150. Cao H, Polansky MM, Anderson RA. Cinnamon extract and polyphenols affect the expression of tristetraprolin, insulin receptor, and glucose transporter 4 in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007 Mar;459(2):214-222. DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.12.034
  151. Nikzamir A, Palangi A, Kheirollaha A, Tabar H, Malakaskar A, Shahbazian H, et al. Expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is increased by cinnamaldehyde in C2C12 mouse muscle cells. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014 Feb;16(2):e13426. DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.13426
  152. Anand P, Murali KY, Tandon V, Murthy PS, Chandra R. Insulinotropic effect of cinnamaldehyde on transcriptional regulation of pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and GLUT4 translocation in experimental diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2010 Jun;186(1):72-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.044
  153. Ranasinghe P, Perera S, Gunatilake M, Abeywardene E, Gunapala N, Premakumara S, et al. Effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) on blood glucose and lipids in a diabetic and healthy rat model. Pharmacognosy Res. 2012 Apr;4(2):73-79. DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.94719
  154. Silva ML, Bernardo MA, Singh J, De Mesquita MF. Cinnamon as a complementary therapeutic approach for dysglycemia and dyslipidemia control in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its molecular mechanism of action: a review. Nutrients. 2022 Jul;14(13):2773. DOI: 10.3390/nu14132773
  155. Medagama AB. The glycaemic outcomes of cinnamon, a review of the experimental evidence and clinical trials. Nutr J. 2015 Oct;14:108. DOI: 10.1186/s12937-015-0098-9
  156. Taher M, Majid FAA, Sarmidi MR. A proanthocyanidin from Cinnamomum zeylanicum stimulates phosphorylation of insulin receptor in 3T3-L1 adipocyte. J Teknol. 2006 Jun;44:53-68.
  157. Jarvill-Taylor KJ, Anderson RA, Graves DJ. A hydroxychalcone derived from cinnamon functions as a mimetic for insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001 Aug;20(4):327-336. DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2001.10719053
  158. Silva ML, Bernardo MA, Singh J, De Mesquita MF. Cinnamon as a complementary therapeutic approach for dysglycemia and dyslipidemia control in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its molecular mechanism of action: a review. Nutrients. 2022 Jul;14(13):2773. DOI: 10.3390/nu14132773
  159. Senevirathne BS, Jayasinghe MA, Pavalakumar D, Siriwardhana CG. Ceylon cinnamon: a versatile ingredient for futuristic diabetes management. J Future Foods. 2022;2(2):125-142. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfutfo.2022.03.010
  160. Ranasinghe P, Jayawardana R, Galappaththy P, Constantine GR, De Vas Gunawardana N, Katulanda P. Efficacy and safety of 'true' cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) as a pharmaceutical agent in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2012 Dec;29(12):1480-1492. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03718.x
  161. Vargas E, Podder V, Carrillo Sepulveda MA. Physiology, glucose transporter type 4 [Internet]. Treasure Island: StatPearls; 2021 [cited 2023 Feb 6]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537322/
  162. Tao R, Gong J, Luo X, Zang M, Guo W, Wen R, et al. AMPK exerts dual regulatory effects on the PI3K pathway. J Mol Signal. 2010 Feb;5(1):1. DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-5-1
  163. Feng W, Ding Y, Zhang W, Chen Y, Li Q, Wang W, et al. Chromium malate alleviates high-glucose and insulin resistance in L6 skeletal muscle cells by regulating glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity signaling pathways. Biometals. 2018 Oct;31(5):891-908. DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0132-4
  164. Feng J, Wang H, Jing Z, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Wang W, et al. Role of magnesium in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2020 Jul;196(1):74-85. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01922-0
  165. Solaimani H, Soltani N, MaleKzadeh K, Sohrabipour S, Zhang N, Nasri S, et al. Modulation of GLUT4 expression by oral administration of Mg(2+) to control sugar levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2014 Jun;92(6):438-444. DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0403
  166. Paolisso G, Barbagallo M. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and insulin resistance: the role of intracellular magnesium. Am J Hypertens. 1997 Mar;10(3):346-355. DOI: 10.1016/s0895-7061(96)00342-1
  167. Ramadass S, Basu S, Srinivasan AR. Serum magnesium levels as an indicator of status of diabetes mellitus type 2. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2015 Jan-Mar;9(1):42-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2014.04.024
  168. Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ. Magnesium and type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes. 2015 Aug;6(10):1152-1157. DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i10.1152
  169. Chaudhary DP, Sharma R, Bansal DD. Implications of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes: a review. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 May;134(2):119-129. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8465-z
  170. Asbaghi O, Fatemeh N, Mahnaz RK, Ehsan G, Elham E, Behzad N, et al. Effects of chromium supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res. 2020 Nov;161:105098. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105098
  171. Feng W, Ding Y, Zhang W, Chen Y, Li Q, Wang W, et al. Chromium malate alleviates high-glucose and insulin resistance in L6 skeletal muscle cells by regulating glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity signaling pathways. Biometals. 2018 Oct;31(5):891-908. DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0132-4
  172. Garcia D, Shaw RJ. AMPK: mechanisms of cellular energy sensing and restoration of metabolic balance. Mol Cell. 2017 Jun;66(6):789-800. DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.05.032
  173. Entezari M, Hashemi D, Taheriazam A, Zabolian A, Mohammadi S, Fakhri F, et al. AMPK signaling in diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and diabetic complications: a pre-clinical and clinical investigation. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022 Feb;146:112563. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112563
  174. Golbidi S, Badran M, Laher I. Diabetes and alpha lipoic acid. Front Pharmacol. 2011;2:69. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00069
  175. Lee WJ, Song KH, Koh EH, Won JC, Kim HS, Park HS, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid increases insulin sensitivity by activating AMPK in skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Jul;332(3):885-891. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.035
  176. Yaworsky K, Somwar R, Ramlal T, Tritschler HJ, Klip A. Engagement of the insulin-sensitive pathway in the stimulation of glucose transport by alpha-lipoic acid in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Diabetologia. 2000 Mar;43(3):294-303. DOI: 10.1007/s001250050047
  177. Rudich A, Tirosh A, Potashnik R, Khamaisi M, Bashan N. Lipoic acid protects against oxidative stress induced impairment in insulin stimulation of protein kinase B and glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Diabetologia. 1999 Aug;42(8):949-957. DOI: 10.1007/s001250051253
  178. Estrada DE, Ewart HS, Tsakiridis T, Volchuk A, Ramlal T, Tritschler H, et al. Stimulation of glucose uptake by the natural coenzyme alpha-lipoic acid/thioctic acid: participation of elements of the insulin signaling pathway. Diabetes. 1996 Dec;45(12):1798-1804. DOI: 10.2337/diab.45.12.1798
  179. Tiwari BK, Pandey KB, Abidi AB, Rizvi SI. Markers of oxidative stress during diabetes mellitus. J Biomark. 2013;2013:378790. DOI: 10.1155/2013/378790
  180. Poh ZX, Goh KP. A current update on the use of alpha lipoic acid in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2009 Dec;9(4):392-398. DOI: 10.2174/187153009789839147
  181. Packer L, Kraemer K, Rimbach G. Molecular aspects of lipoic acid in the prevention of diabetes complications. Nutrition. 2001 Oct;17(10):888-895. DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00658-x
  182. Golbidi S, Badran M, Laher I. Diabetes and alpha lipoic acid. Front Pharmacol. 2011;2:69. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00069
  183. Hahm JR, Kim BJ, Kim KW. Clinical experience with thioctacid (thioctic acid) in the treatment of distal symmetric polyneuropathy in Korean diabetic patients. J Diabetes Complications. 2004 Mar-Apr;18(2):79-85. DOI: 10.1016/S1056-8727(03)00033-3
  184. Tiwari BK, Pandey KB, Abidi AB, Rizvi SI. Markers of oxidative stress during diabetes mellitus. J Biomark. 2013;2013:378790. DOI: 10.1155/2013/378790
  185. Martins MDPSC, Oliveira ASDSS, Martins MDCCE, Carvalho VBL, Rodrigues LARL, Arcanjo DDR, et al. Effects of zinc supplementation on glycemic control and oxidative stress in experimental diabetes: a systematic review. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022 Oct;51:28-36. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.08.003
  186. Cruz KJC, De Oliveira ARS, Marreiro DDN. Antioxidant role of zinc in diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes. 2015 Mar 15;6(2):333-337. DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i2.333
  187. Suryavanshi SV, Kulkarni YA. NF-κβ: a potential target in the management of vascular complications of diabetes. Front Pharmacol. 2017 Nov;8:798. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00798
  188. Patel S, Santani D. Role of NF-kappa B in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its associated complications. Pharmacol Rep. 2009 Jul-Aug;61(4):595-603. DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70111-2
  189. Olechnowicz J, Tinkov A, Skalny A, Suliburska J. Zinc status is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid, and glucose metabolism. J Physiol Sci. 2018 Jan;68(1):19-31. DOI: 10.1007/s12576-017-0571-7
  190. Zhang WJ, Frei B. Alpha-lipoic acid inhibits TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation and adhesion molecule expression in human aortic endothelial cells. FASEB J. 2001 Nov;15(13):2423-2432. DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0260com
  191. Sahin K, Tuzcu M, Orhan C, Sahin N, Kucuk O, Ozercan IH, et al. Anti-diabetic activity of chromium picolinate and biotin in rats with type 2 diabetes induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Br J Nutr. 2013 Jul;110(2):197-205. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114512004850
  192. Sundaram B, Aggarwal A, Sandhir R. Chromium picolinate attenuates hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2013 Apr;27(2):117-121. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.09.002
  193. Lee WC, Mokhtar SS, Munisamy S, Yahaya S, Rasool AHG. Vitamin D status and oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2018 May;64(7):60-69.
  194. Gysemans CA, Cardozo AK, Callewaert H, Giulietti A, Hulshagen L, Bouillon R, et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates expression of chemokines and cytokines in pancreatic islets: implications for prevention of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. Endocrinology. 2005 Apr;146(4):1956-1964. DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-1322
  195. Feng J, Wang H, Jing Z, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Wang W, et al. Role of magnesium in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2020 Jul;196(1):74-85. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01922-0
  196. Guerrero-Romero F, Rodríguez-Morán M. Complementary therapies for diabetes: the case for chromium, magnesium, and antioxidants. Arch Med Res. 2005;36(3):250-257. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.01.004
  197. Dai Q, Zhu X, Manson JE, Song Y, Li X, Franke AA, et al. Magnesium status and supplementation influence vitamin D status and metabolism: results from a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018 Dec;108(6):1249-1258. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy274
  198. Piuri G, Zocchi M, Della Porta M, Ficara V, Manoni M, Zuccotti GV, et al. Magnesium in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Nutrients. 2021 Jan;13(2):320. DOI: 10.3390/nu13020320
  199. Sundaram B, Aggarwal A, Sandhir R. Chromium picolinate attenuates hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2013 Apr;27(2):117-121. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.09.002
  200. Jain SK, Kannan K. Chromium chloride inhibits oxidative stress and TNF-alpha secretion caused by exposure to high glucose in cultured U937 monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Dec;289(3):687-691. DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6026
  201. Doddigarla Z, Parwez I, Ahmad J. Correlation of serum chromium, zinc, magnesium and SOD levels with HbA1c in type 2 diabetes: a cross sectional analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2016;10(1 Suppl 1):S126-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2015.10.008
  202. Goncalves MD, Farooki A. Management of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor-associated hyperglycemia. Integr Cancer Ther. 2022;21:15347354211073163. DOI: 10.1177/15347354211073163
  203. Silva ML, Bernardo MA, Singh J, De Mesquita MF. Cinnamon as a complementary therapeutic approach for dysglycemia and dyslipidemia control in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its molecular mechanism of action: a review. Nutrients. 2022 Jul;14(13):2773. DOI: 10.3390/nu14132773
  204. Asbaghi O, Fatemeh N, Mahnaz RK, Ehsan G, Elham E, Behzad N, et al. Effects of chromium supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res. 2020 Nov;161:105098. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105098
  205. Feng J, Wang H, Jing Z, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Wang W, et al. Role of magnesium in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2020 Jul;196(1):74-85. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01922-0
  206. Kostov K. Effects of magnesium deficiency on mechanisms of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: focusing on the processes of insulin secretion and signaling. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Mar;20(6):1351. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061351
  207. Feng W, Ding Y, Zhang W, Chen Y, Li Q, Wang W, et al. Chromium malate alleviates high-glucose and insulin resistance in L6 skeletal muscle cells by regulating glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity signaling pathways. Biometals. 2018 Oct;31(5):891-908. DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0132-4
  208. Haeusler RA, McGraw TE, Accili D. Biochemical and cellular properties of insulin receptor signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2018 Jan;19(1):31-44. DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.89
  209. Norouzi S, Adulcikas J, Sohal SS, Myers S. Zinc transporters and insulin resistance: therapeutic implications for type 2 diabetes and metabolic disease. J Biomed Sci. 2017 Nov;24(1):87. DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0394-0
  210. George N, Kumar TP, Antony S, Jayanarayanan S, Paulose CS. Effect of vitamin D3 in reducing metabolic and oxidative stress in the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Br J Nutr. 2012 Oct;108(8):1410-1418. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114511006830
  211. Ranasinghe P, Perera S, Gunatilake M, Abeywardene E, Gunapala N, Premakumara S, et al. Effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) on blood glucose and lipids in a diabetic and healthy rat model. Pharmacognosy Res. 2012 Apr;4(2):73-79. DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.94719
  212. Fernandez-Mejia C. Pharmacological effects of biotin. J Nutr Biochem. 2005 Jul;16(7):424-427. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.03.018
  213. Guerrero-Romero F, Rodríguez-Morán M. Complementary therapies for diabetes: the case for chromium, magnesium, and antioxidants. Arch Med Res. 2005;36(3):250-257. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.01.004
  214. Yaworsky K, Somwar R, Ramlal T, Tritschler HJ, Klip A. Engagement of the insulin-sensitive pathway in the stimulation of glucose transport by alpha-lipoic acid in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Diabetologia. 2000 Mar;43(3):294-303. DOI: 10.1007/s001250050047
  215. Rudich A, Tirosh A, Potashnik R, Khamaisi M, Bashan N. Lipoic acid protects against oxidative stress induced impairment in insulin stimulation of protein kinase B and glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Diabetologia. 1999 Aug;42(8):949-957. DOI: 10.1007/s001250051253
  216. Asbaghi O, Fatemeh N, Mahnaz RK, Ehsan G, Elham E, Behzad N, et al. Effects of chromium supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res. 2020 Nov;161:105098. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105098
  217. Albarracin CA, Fuqua BC, Evans JL, Goldfine ID. Chromium picolinate and biotin combination improves glucose metabolism in treated, uncontrolled overweight to obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008 Jan-Feb;24(1):41-51. DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.755
  218. Hu Z, Chen J, Sun X, Wang L, Wang A. Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: a meta-analysis of interventional studies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Apr;98(14):e14970. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014970
  219. Imanparast F, Javaheri J, Kamankesh F, Rafiei F, Salehi A, Mollaaliakbari Z, et al. The effects of chromium and vitamin D3 co-supplementation on insulin resistance and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in type 2 diabetes: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2020 May;45(5):471-477. DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0113
  220. Dou M, Ma Y, Ma AG, Han L, Song MM, Wang YG, et al. Combined chromium and magnesium decreases insulin resistance more effectively than either alone. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2016 Dec;25(4):747-753. DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.092015.48
  221. Mahmoudi-Nezhad M, Vajdi M, Farhangi MA. An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of the effects of α-lipoic acid supplementation on glycemic markers in adults. Nutrition. 2021 Feb;82:111041. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111041
  222. Rahimlou M, Asadi M, Banaei Jahromi N, Mansoori A. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation effect on glycemic and inflammatory biomarkers: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2019 Aug;32:16-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.03.015
  223. Simental-Mendía LE, Sahebkar A, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the effects of magnesium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and glucose control. Pharmacol Res. 2016 Sep;111:272-282. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.019
  224. Asbaghi O, Moradi S, Kashkooli S, Zobeiri M, Nezamoleslami S, Hojjati Kermani MA, et al. The effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Br J Nutr. 2022 Dec;128(12):2363-2372. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114521005201
  225. Pompano LM, Boy E. Effects of dose and duration of zinc interventions on risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr. 2021 Feb;12(1):141-160. DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa087
  226. Kutbi EH, Sohouli MH, Fatahi S, Lari A, Shidfar F, Aljhdali MM, et al. The beneficial effects of cinnamon among patients with metabolic diseases: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(22):6113-6131. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1896473
  227. Pitocco D, Tesauro M, Alessandro R, Ghirlanda G, Cardillo C. Oxidative stress in diabetes: implications for vascular and other complications. Int J Mol Sci. 2013 Oct;14(11):21525-21550. DOI: 10.3390/ijms141121525
  228. Wenclewska S, Szymczak-Pajor I, Drzewoski J, Bunk M, Śliwińska A. Vitamin D supplementation reduces both oxidative DNA damage and insulin resistance in the elderly with metabolic disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jun;20(12):2891. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122891
  229. Zhu C, Yan H, Zheng Y, Santos HO, Macit MS, Zhao K. Impact of cinnamon supplementation on cardiometabolic biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med. 2020 Sep;53:102517. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102517
  230. Asbaghi O, Fatemeh N, Mahnaz RK, Ehsan G, Elham E, Behzad N, et al. Effects of chromium supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res. 2020 Nov;161:105098. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105098
  231. Albarracin CA, Fuqua BC, Evans JL, Goldfine ID. Chromium picolinate and biotin combination improves glucose metabolism in treated, uncontrolled overweight to obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008 Jan-Feb;24(1):41-51. DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.755
  232. Imanparast F, Javaheri J, Kamankesh F, Rafiei F, Salehi A, Mollaaliakbari Z, et al. The effects of chromium and vitamin D3 co-supplementation on insulin resistance and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in type 2 diabetes: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2020 May;45(5):471-477. DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0113
  233. Dou M, Ma Y, Ma AG, Han L, Song MM, Wang YG, et al. Combined chromium and magnesium decreases insulin resistance more effectively than either alone. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2016 Dec;25(4):747-753. DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.092015.48
  234. Hu Z, Chen J, Sun X, Wang L, Wang A. Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: a meta-analysis of interventional studies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Apr;98(14):e14970. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014970
  235. Wenclewska S, Szymczak-Pajor I, Drzewoski J, Bunk M, Śliwińska A. Vitamin D supplementation reduces both oxidative DNA damage and insulin resistance in the elderly with metabolic disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jun;20(12):2891. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122891
  236. Zhang Y, Ding Y, Fan Y, Xu Y, Lu Y, Zhai L, et al. Influence of biotin intervention on glycemic control and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr. 2022 Oct;9:1046800. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1046800
  237. Mahmoudi-Nezhad M, Vajdi M, Farhangi MA. An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of the effects of α-lipoic acid supplementation on glycemic markers in adults. Nutrition. 2021 Feb;82:111041. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111041
  238. Rahimlou M, Asadi M, Banaei Jahromi N, Mansoori A. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation effect on glycemic and inflammatory biomarkers: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2019 Aug;32:16-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.03.015
  239. Simental-Mendía LE, Sahebkar A, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the effects of magnesium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and glucose control. Pharmacol Res. 2016 Sep;111:272-282. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.019
  240. Asbaghi O, Moradi S, Kashkooli S, Zobeiri M, Nezamoleslami S, Hojjati Kermani MA, et al. The effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Br J Nutr. 2022 Dec;128(12):2363-2372. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114521005201
  241. Pompano LM, Boy E. Effects of dose and duration of zinc interventions on risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr. 2021 Feb;12(1):141-160. DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa087
  242. Kutbi EH, Sohouli MH, Fatahi S, Lari A, Shidfar F, Aljhdali MM, et al. The beneficial effects of cinnamon among patients with metabolic diseases: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(22):6113-6131. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1896473
  243. Zhu C, Yan H, Zheng Y, Santos HO, Macit MS, Zhao K. Impact of cinnamon supplementation on cardiometabolic biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med. 2020 Sep;53:102517. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102517
logo

Your one stop destination for education and clinical tools, driven by our purpose to inspire people to live better lives through natural healthcare.

Customer Care or Clinical Support

1300 654 336

or visit www.myintegria.com

© 2025, Integria is a registered trademark of Integria Healthcare (Australia) Pty Ltd

Terms of Use | Privacy | Policies